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NEW YORK, N.Y. – The results of a nationwide survey show a lack of basic Holocaust knowledge among Millennials and Generation Z.The Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany released the results of its U.S. Millennial Holocaust Knowledge and Awareness Survey on Wednesday. The organization says it’s the first 50-state survey on Holocaust knowledge among Millennials and Gen Z, or people born between about 1981 and 2015.The national survey found that 63% of all respondents don’t know that around 6 million Jews were murdered and 36% thought that 2 million or fewer Jews were killed during the Holocaust.Additionally, the survey showed 48% of respondents can’t name one of the more than 40,000 concentration camps or ghettos in Europe during the Holocaust.One of the most surprising results showed that nearly 20% of Millennials and Gen Z in New York feel that Jews caused the Holocaust.The organization also says the survey showed 59% of respondents indicated they believe something like the Holocaust could happen again.“The results are both shocking and saddening and they underscore why we must act now while Holocaust survivors are still with us to voice their stories,” said Gideon Taylor, president of conference. “We need to understand why we aren’t doing better in educating a younger generation about the Holocaust and the lessons of the past. This needs to serve as a wake-up call to us all, and as a road map of where government officials need to act.”The survey revealed that Wisconsin scores highest in in Holocaust awareness among U.S. Millennials and Gen Z, followed by Minnesota, Massachusetts, Maine, Kansas, Nebraska, Pennsylvania, Idaho, Iowa, and Montana.Arkansas has the lowest Holocaust score, according to the survey, with less than 17% of Millennials and Gen Z meeting the Holocaust knowledge criteria. The other states with the lowest scores include Alaska, Delaware, Maryland, New York, Georgia, Hawaii, Louisiana, Florida, and Mississippi. Surveyors calculated the scores by using the percentage of Millennials and Gen Z adults who met all three of the following criteria:1. Have “definitively heard about the Holocaust”2. Can name at least one concentration camp, death camp, or ghetto3. And know that 6 million Jews were killed in the HolocaustLastly, there was a consistent bright spot across the survey findings – a desire for Holocaust education. About 64% of respondents believe schools should be required to teach about the Holocaust and 80% believe it’s important to continue teaching it, so it doesn’t happen again.“We came to realize that, although a number of states already mandate Holocaust education which is an excellent first step,” said Claims Conference Holocaust task force leader Matthew Bronfman. “For the mandates to have a significant effect in classrooms there must be state funding to support the mandates. The Holocaust is a broad topic. Specialized teacher training and thoughtfully developed curriculum are needed for students to benefit.” 3018

New research suggests that antibodies the immune system makes to fight the new coronavirus may only last a few months in people with mild illness, but that doesn’t mean protection also is gone or that it won’t be possible to develop an effective vaccine.“Infection with this coronavirus does not necessarily generate lifetime immunity,” but antibodies are only part of the story, said Dr. Buddy Creech, an infectious disease specialist at Vanderbilt University. He had no role in the work, published Tuesday in the New England Journal of Medicine.The immune system remembers how to make fresh antibodies if needed and other parts of it also can mount an attack, he said.Antibodies are proteins that white blood cells called B cells make to bind to the virus and help eliminate it. The earliest ones are fairly crude but as infection goes on, the immune system becomes trained to focus its attack and to make more precise antibodies.Dr. Otto Yang and others at the University of California, Los Angeles, measured these more precise antibodies in 30 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and four housemates presumed to have the disease. Their average age was 43 and most had mild symptoms.Researchers found that the antibodies had a half-life of 73 days, which means that half of them would be gone after that much time. It dovetails with a previous report from China also suggesting antibodies quickly fade.The results “call for caution regarding antibody-based ‘immunity passports,’ herd immunity, and perhaps vaccine durability,” the California authors write.That’s true, Creech said, but other parts of the immune system also help confer protection. Besides churning out antibodies, B cells develop a memory so they know how to do that again if needed.“They would get called into action very quickly when there’s a new exposure to the virus. It’s as if they lie dormant, just waiting,” he said.Other white blood cells called T cells also are better able to attack the virus the next time they see it, Creech said.Although circulating antibodies may not last long, what we need to know is if and how people remake antibodies if exposed to the coronavirus again and if they protect against another infection, Alison Criss, an immunologist at the University of Virginia, wrote in an email. “We also need to know if there is a protective T cell response” that reappears.Vaccines, which provoke the immune system to make antibodies, might give longer-lasting protection than natural infection because they use purified versions of what stimulates that response, she noted.Creech agreed.“This shouldn’t dissuade us from pursuing a vaccine,” he said. “Antibodies are only a part of the story.”___Marilynn Marchione can be followed on Twitter at http://twitter.com/MMarchioneAP___The Associated Press Health and Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content. 2967

Nine West Holdings, which owns the Nine West and Anne Klein brands, has filed for bankruptcy.Friday's chapter 11 filing shows that the company owes more than billion.Nine West said in a statement that it plans to sell Nine West and its Bandolino line to Authentic Brands Group. ABG owns Juicy Couture and Aéropostale, among others.The company's eponymous brand and Bandolino both sell women's shoes, handbags and accessories.Ralph Schipani, the struggling retailer's CEO, said that the restructuring will help the company reduce debt and increase growth by allowing it to focus on its stronger brands, like Anne Klein and One Jeanswear Group."This is the right step," Schipani said. "We will retain our strong, profitable and growing apparel, jewelry, and jeanswear businesses." He added that the changes should help the company to "be well positioned for the future."Nine West said it expects to continue operating normally during the bankruptcy process.The company, which has been owned by Sycamore Partners Management since 2014, joins a growing list of retailers that have filed for bankruptcy this year. Claire's filed for bankruptcy last month, and Toys "R" Us in September. The toy seller said recently that it is closing or selling all of its US stores.Last year, more than 7,000 stores closed, which set a record.Retailers have been struggling to compete with online retailers like Amazon, and suffering from the death of the mall. Many have also struggled to survive under mountains of debt.The-CNN-Wire 1524

NEW YORK — A lawyer for a British socialite charged with procuring teenage girls in the 1990s for financier Jeffrey Epstein to sexually abuse says her client's sleep is interrupted every 15 minutes in jail to ensure she is breathing. Attorney Bobbi Sternheim told a Manhattan judge Tuesday that Ghislaine Maxwell faces more restrictive conditions than inmates convicted of terrorism or murder. She asked a judge to intervene on her client's behalf. She said Maxwell has no history of mental health issues or suicidal thoughts. Maxwell is being held without bail in a federal facility in Brooklyn as she awaits a July trial. Prosecutors declined to comment.Maxwell's arrest earlier this year came less than a year after Epstein died by suicide while being held on sex trafficking charges. An investigation into Epstein's death remains open.Epstein and Maxwell have been connected with powerful world leaders, including President Donald Trump, former President Bill Clinton and Prince Andrew. 998

NEW YORK (AP) — Lawyers for the former girlfriend of Jeffrey Epstein are urging a judge to free her to await trial under a .5 million bail package that would include armed guards to keep her in a New York City residence. The bail arguments on behalf of Ghislaine Maxwell were filed late Monday in Manhattan federal court. According to the Associated Press, Maxwell and her husband offered .5 million as part of the bail package, which consists of three homes, a bond secured by million in property, and 0,000 cash.Maxwell is scheduled to face a July trial on charges that she recruited three teenage girls for Epstein to abuse in the mid-1990s. Her first attempt at bail shortly after her July arrest was rejected. Her lawyers say she wants nothing more than to remain in the United States and fight the charges. They say the case depends on the uncorroborated testimony of a handful of witnesses about events over 25 years ago. 948

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