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SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — From business closures to limits on gatherings, there’s mounting evidence that government restrictions do slow the spread of COVID-19. But which policies are the most effective?A study published this month in the journal Science aims to answer that question by examining data from 41 countries outside the U.S.The researchers examined seven kinds of COVID-19 policies in mostly European countries and compared them to case and death rates in those countries over time.The policies included limiting gatherings to 1000 people or less, to 100 people or less, and to 10 people or less; a targeted closure on high-risk businesses; a broad closure of most non-essential businesses; school and university closures; and stay-at-home orders.The authors found limiting gatherings to 10 people or less was the most effective nonpharmaceutical intervention of the seven examined, reducing the transmission rate by 42 percent.Closing schools and universities was next, cutting transmission by 38 percent. The researchers said they were not able to examine the relative importance of closing universities over grade schools because such closures were typically implemented at the same time.Next, the researchers examined the impact of two kinds of business closures. They found broad closures of most non-essential businesses were “only somewhat more effective than targeted closures” of high-risk businesses like restaurants, bars and nightclubs. Broad business closures reduced transmission by 27 percent compared to an 18 percent reduction for targeted closures.“Therefore, targeted business closures can be a promising policy option in some circumstances,” the authors wrote.The study estimates those three policies together -- closing high-risk businesses, closing schools and universities, and limiting gatherings to no more than 10 people -- are enough lower to slow the spread of the virus.In epidemiological terms, interventions are considered successful when they lower the so-called number below 1. The reproduction number, or R number, is the average number of people who become infected from one infectious person. Without interventions, the study found the R number for COVID-19 between January and May was 3.3.The study did not examine the impact of wearing masks, but other studies have found that masks can also significantly reduce the spread of COVID-19.So what about stay-at-home orders? Mandatory stay-at-home orders where people are only allowed outside for essential tasks or during certain times of the day tend to be a last resort, when there are other restrictions already in place.The researchers found mandatory stay-at-home orders cut transmission another 13 percent on top of other policies. “Issuing a stay-at-home order had a small effect when a country had already closed educational institutions, closed nonessential businesses, and banned gatherings,” the authors wrote. 2919

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — Halloween is quickly approaching, which means thousands of San Diegans will choose that perfect pumpkin to display or carve.Across the county, several pumpkin patches will be open throughout October, waiting to match pumpkins to owners. Several patches offer more than pumpkins as well. Over at Bates Nut Farm, guests can enjoy a petting corral, pony rides, live entertainment, and delicious BBQ and kettle corn this month in Valley Center. Oma's Pumpkin Patch in Lakeside features hay rides, games, and a large play area. And PB Pumpkin Patch is hosting a pumpkin carving area with all the tools needed for jack-o'-lanterns.For those who want a classic patch experience, Lavender Hill Pumpkins in Fallbrook and Farm Stand's Escondido stops offer just that. Pumpkins and freshly harvested vegetables.Check out the map below for pumpkin patches and hours throughout October this Halloween season.SAN DIEGO HALLOWEEN:San Diego's Whaley House: Tour one of America's most haunted homesFrightful fun: San Diego Halloween, fall events for familiesExperience Halloween chills at these San Diego attractionsSpirited shindigs: Halloween parties for San Diego's 21+ crowdFree haunted hikes, Halloween carnivals at San Diego County parks 1253

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) -- For decades internal documents about officers' use of force were limited to just law enforcement.A new California law changed that, and now some of the most private materials are being released to the public.Documents released by the San Diego Police Department show how incidents are investigated and what type of evidence is collected before use of force cases are submitted to the San Diego County District Attorney's Office.10News asked the department to analyze a case to help the public understand how a report is created. An internal affairs captain also explains how the public getting access to internal documents is helping bridge the gap between the department and the people it serves.2016 Officer-Involved ShootingIn November 2016, Juan Carlos Fernandez shot four people, killing two in the 3800 block of Marlborough Avenue. Police shot and killed Fernandez after officers repeatedly ordered him to lay on the ground, but he refused and continued pointing the handgun at a female, according to police. A 2016 San Diego Police Department press release stated, "An officer, fearing for his life and the safety of the female, fired one round from his service weapon. The round struck the suspect, knocking him to the ground. The suspect was pronounced deceased at the scene by paramedics."The San Diego County District Attorney's Office cleared the officer in the shooting.Under a new California law, Senate Bill 1421, the investigative file and supporting audio and video documents were released to 10News through a public records act request.10News asked the department to talk about what goes into an investigative case file and how the department investigates its own after an officer-Involved shooting.Case Deconstruction"The initial examination is going to be from a criminal standpoint, and the homicide unit is going to roll out there, and they are going to start their investigation," said Internal Affairs Captain Wes Morris.Part of the homicide investigation includes an initial walkthrough at the scene.Using the documents released to Team 10, an initial audio walkthrough of the 2016 shooting identified 15 law enforcement officials, including the officer involved in the shooting, a representative from the San Diego County District Attorney's office, and a member of the Internal Affairs Department."You can get very accurate information right away, and you can start to get a feel for what actually occurred," Morris told 10News.Morris said the homicide team would speak with anyone who was at the location of the shooting, anyone who could have been at the location, and/or anyone who was close to the location and knew anyone involved.All the evidence collected goes into what's called an Officer-Involved Shooting Report.Using the 2016 case as an example, the department report totaled 612 pages. While some of the information was redacted, the report contained sub-reports including: forensic biology report, chain of custody report, firearms lab report, crime scene lab report, vehicle report, witness statement, officer interview, death in custody report, property report, DNA sample report and a report with 586 pages of photos. The San Diego Police Department also released more than 100 audio and video recordings of 911 calls, radio traffic, witness interviews, officer interviews, and body-worn camera."It's not a rubber stamp," Morris said. "There's a lot of work that goes into it. People that really do want to find the truth of what happened in these types of incidents."The report is turned over to the San Diego County District Attorney's Office.According to the DA's website, "The police agency with jurisdiction over the location of the shooting or death conducts the primary investigation of the incident. After the police agency completes their investigation, the District Attorney's Office reviews it, which it does for all officer-involved shootings and in-custody deaths in San Diego County. If the District Attorney wants additional information to supplement the investigation, a request can be made to the jurisdictional agency to obtain the information, or the District Attorney's Office can conduct the additional investigation. The District Attorney's Office does not do a separate, new investigation of the incident." The District Attorney's Office states that when a review is completed, "If the District Attorney's Office determines there is criminal liability, charges will be filed against the officer or deputy. If there is no criminal liability, a letter is written summarizing the facts, evidence, and available statements of those involved. The letter is delivered to the Chief of Police or Sheriff of the jurisdictional agency indicating the actions of the officer or deputy was legally justified. The letter is also posted on the DA's website where any member of the public can read it."If there are no criminal charges pending, internal affairs will take the criminal investigation and do their investigation. Internal Affairs "With an officer-involved shooting, the most important thing we're looking at was if that use of force was within our policy," Morris said.He explained when the case gets to internal affairs, it is assigned to a detective sergeant. The detective sergeant will review the entire case, looking at whether the lethal use of force was within the department's policy and if the officer followed the proper procedures."There are times where we will bring that officer back in again and interview them," Morris said. "We narrowly focus it to what we're looking at, but we may interview them on something that we've seen or some sort of policy and procedure concern, or it could be something outside of that particular use of force."Morris said once the detective sergeant's investigation is complete, it will be put through a review process in-house. The completed investigation will be submitted to the Community Review Board on Police Practices (CRB)."Their main task is to make sure that we haven't left any stone unturned and that we've looked at every aspect of the investigation and that our investigation is thorough, complete, and impartial," Morris said. 6178

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) - Flu cases are almost three times higher in 2017 than in the previous years, said the San Diego County Health and Human Services Agency Wednesday.So far this year, three people have died from influenza A. There have been 445 cases, compared to 112 for the last three years.“We cannot predict just how severe a flu season is going to be, but a lot more cases are being reported than in previous years,” said County public health officer Dr. Wilma Wooten.The CDC recommends everyone 6 months and older get an annual flu shot. It takes two weeks for immunity to develop.Vaccination is especially important for: 638

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) -- Getting into the holiday spirit may have you looking for opportunities to give back.Throughout San Diego County, there are plenty of opportunities to volunteer time to local organizations.Ring a bell while collecting Red Kettle donations for the Salvation Army or make a DIY toy for a pet in need for the San Diego Humane Society. Check out the list below for ways to volunteer and get involved:  434

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