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WASHINGTON, Nov. 7 (Xinhua) -- U.S. researchers have demonstrated for the first time that the brain is a key player in regulating glucose (sugar) metabolism in humans.The findings, published Monday in the online edition of the Journal of Clinical Investigation, suggest that drugs targeting the brain and central nervous system could be a novel approach to treating diabetes."The brain is the body's only organ that needs a constant supply of glucose to survive, so it makes sense that it would have some say over how much glucose is produced," said study leader Meredith Hawkins, professor of medicine and director of the Global Diabetes Initiative at Yeshiva University, in a statement. "This role for the brain was demonstrated in earlier studies in rodents, but there was considerable controversy over whether the results could be applied to humans. We hope this study helps to settle the matter."In an earlier study in rodents, researchers showed that activation of potassium channels in the brain's hypothalamus sends signals to the liver that dampen its production of glucose. Those findings, published in Nature in 2005, challenged the conventional thinking that blood sugar production by the liver (the body's glucose factory) is regulated only by the pancreas (which makes insulin to metabolize glucose). But carefully performed studies on dogs, conducted at Vanderbilt University, failed to replicate the results, suggesting the Einstein findings in rodents might not be relevant to higher mammals, including humans.The current study, involving people, was aimed at resolving this controversy. Ten nondiabetic subjects were given oral diazoxide, a drug that activates potassium channels in the hypothalamus. (The drug is not used to treat diabetes.) Hormone secretion by the pancreas was controlled to ensure that any change in sugar production would only have occurred through the drug's effect on the brain. After the researchers administered the drug, blood tests revealed that patients' livers were producing significantly less glucose than before.Hawkins and her team then repeated this in rats, again giving diazoxide orally, achieving similar results. They confirmed that sufficient amounts of diazoxide crossed the blood-brain barrier to affect potassium channels in the hypothalamus. Additional experiments confirmed that diazoxide was working through the brain. Specifically, the researchers were able to completely block the effects of diazoxide by infusing a specific potassium channel blocker directly into the brain."This study confirms that the brain plays a significant role in regulating glucose production by the liver," said lead author Preeti Kishore, assistant professor of medicine. "We are now investigating whether this 'brain-to-liver' pathway is impaired in people with diabetes. If so, we may be able to restore normal glucose regulation by targeting potassium channels in the brain."

BEIJING, Oct. 13 (Xinhuanet) -- Tyrannosaurus rex dinosaur, the giant prehistoric predator, was even bigger and heavier than it was estimated previously, a new study found.The finding was contained in a study published Wednesday in the scientific journal PLoS ONE.Using three-dimension scanning and computer modeling, researchers analyzed five skeleton fossils of T. rex dinosaur, including "Sue", the largest and most complete T. rex specimen ever found.The analysis tipped the scale of "Sue" at 9 ton, some 30 percent more than it was expected."At their fastest, in their teenage years, they were putting on 11 pounds or 5 kilograms a day," said John Hutchinson of the Royal Veterinary College in London, who co-led the study.The larger body mass indicated the better agility and the stronger lower-leg muscles of the ancient monster, said the researcher."Sue" could have a top speed of about 10-25 miles per hour when it ran on the Great Plains of North America 67 million years ago, Hutchinson suggested.

SAN FRANCISCO, Nov. 1 (Xinhua) -- Apple announced on Tuesday that its latest iPhone 4S smartphone will be available in China's Hong Kong, South Korea and 13 additional countries next Friday.Customers will be able to pre-order iPhone 4S beginning this Friday, the Cupertino, California-based company said in a statement.The other 13 countries are Albania, Armenia, Bulgaria, El Salvador, Greece, Guatemala, Malta, Montenegro, New Zealand, Panama, Poland, Portugal and Romania.So far, some owners have been complaining about the shorter battery life on their new iPhone 4S handsets. Apple is reportedly investigating the issue and has not made official comments yet.The iPhone 4S looks the same as the previous iPhone 4 but has major hardware upgrade inside. Apple announced sales of more than four million units of iPhone 4S in the three days after its launch in the United States on Oct. 14.The iPhone 4S now is available in 29 countries and is expected to arrive in stores in more than 70 countries by the end of this year.

UNITED NATIONS, Oct. 28 (Xinhua) -- China's progress in meeting a development goal on children's health can serve as an inspiration to other countries working towards the same objective, Dr. Renee Van de Weerdt, chief of maternal, newborn and child health at the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) told Xinhua in an interview Friday.Van de Weerdt said that "the example of China is very encouraging because it means it can be done, even in a very big country with a very big population."China is on track to meet the fourth Millennium Development Goal (MDG), one of the eight development targets that the international community has pledged to meet by 2015. MDG 4 requires that each country reduce its rate of mortality for children under age five to two-thirds of what it was in 1990.According to Van de Weerdt, most deaths of children under five take place in the first month of life. After the first month, the most prevalent causes of death are pneumonia and diarrhea.ACHIEVING THE GOAL WORLDWIDEThe international community has been doing "relatively well" in working towards achieving MDG 4, Van de Weerdt said.The UN Interagency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (IGME) stated in their 2011 Report on Levels and Trends in Child Mortality that the number of under-five deaths worldwide has dropped from more than 12 million in 1990 to 7.6 million in 2010."We really continue to see progress," Van de Weerdt said. "The number of children that die every year continues to drop so we are really pleased to see that progress. Unfortunately, the progress isn't sufficient to really be able to say that if we continue at this pace we would achieve MDG 4 by 2015."Some regions, according to Van de Weerdt, like Latin America and parts of Asia are making more headway towards the goal than others that are currently lagging behind.

SHANGHAI, Jan. 11 (Xinhua) -- The listed arm of China's biggest train maker, China South Locomotive and Rolling Stock Industry (Group) Corporation (CSR), has been allowed by regulatory authorities to raise 9 billion yuan (1.41 billion U.S. dollars) on the stock market, the company said Wednesday.The Hong Kong- and Shanghai- listed CSR Corp. Ltd. will sell 1.96 billion shares at 4.46 yuan apiece to select investors, it said. But CSR's parent -- state-owned CSR Group -- has agreed to buy no less than 6 billion yuan's worth of the shares, leaving the rest to institutional investors.CSR's net profit growth in the third quarter of 2011 plunged to 9.66 percent year-on-year from a high of 85.08 percent in the first half of 2011 as the country put the brakes on development of the railway sector after a deadly bullet train crash on July 23 that killed 40 people and injured 210 others.The decision to slow the development of high-speed rail lines has led to halts in construction of about 90 percent of ongoing railway projects, or 10,000 km of rail lines across the country, local media reported earlier.CSR is the maker of the bullet trains involved in last July's deadly collision. After the accident, the company's executives bought a combined 540,000 share in August, a move seen as an attempt to bolster battered stock prices.Analysts say the fundraising would help CSR greatly ease its financial burdens. The company earlier pledged to maintain profit growth and its dividend policy to boost investors' confidence.

来源：资阳报