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Next week, the U.S. House and Senate will take up police reform bills.The House will address qualified immunity on a national level. It's a doctrine implemented by the U.S. Supreme Court that makes it difficult to sue police, even if one's constitutional rights are violated.The doctrine protects officers who can defend their actions because they didn't know their conduct was unconstitutional. That's because it wasn't “clearly established” in a prior court ruling.In practice, courts have dismissed civil rights lawsuits because there wasn't a previous case in the same location with the same circumstances. So, there's also no precedent for future cases. That's why the doctrine is criticized as a "catch 22."“That kind of ‘does this officer get the benefit of the doubt?’ type of inquiry gives judges just lots of room based on their interpretation, their view of whether this seems like a bad case or not, and it means that the judge is taking cases away from the jury based on their own views of the facts,” said Brandon Garrett, professor of law at Duke University.“The way to truly understand it is to look at in the context, as a lot of people are suddenly looking at it when police uses force, and particularly when it's deadly force,” said Aderson Francois, professor of law at Georgetown UniversityThe officers involved in a wrongful death lawsuit in Washington D.C. are expected to claim qualified immunity. In 2018, Marqueese Alston was shot and killed by police while running away. The court will only look at it from the perspective of police and if they reasonably feared for their lives.“What the court will not do is to ask did my client, a 22-year-old black man in DC have a reasonable fear for the police that caused him to run away in the first place,” said Francois.It's important to point out that officers do not personally foot the bill in these cases.“It's about the municipality, the county, the city,” said Garrett. “They're the ones who are paying. They're the ones who should be held accountable. After all, if this officer was poorly trained or didn't have the right support from colleagues, it's not the officer's fault necessarily.”Qualified immunity makes it so the constitutional issue is never addressed. Even if the doctrine disappears, it's still difficult to win a constitutional claim. 2335

NEW YORK (AP) — J.C. Penney says it is closing 154 stores nationwide in what it is calling the first phase of its efforts to shrink its footprint. According to USA Today, the retailer received bankruptcy court approval on Thursday to begin liquidation sales at stores that are permanently closing. The Plano, Texas-based retailer said it could take about 10 to 16 weeks to complete the closures. “While closing stores is always an extremely difficult decision, our store optimization strategy is vital to ensuring we emerge from both Chapter 11 and the COVID-19 pandemic as a stronger retailer with greater financial flexibility to allow us to continue serving our loyal customers for decades to come,” said Jill Soltau, chief executive officer of JCPenney in a press release. “I am incredibly grateful to our talented associates for their ongoing dedication and their passion for meeting and exceeding our customers’ expectations during this difficult and uncertain time. All impacted associates will be treated with the utmost consideration and respect.”Penney filed for bankruptcy protection last month, making it the biggest retailer to do since the coronavirus pandemic forced non-essential stores to be shut down temporarily. As part of its bankruptcy reorganization, Penney said it planned to permanently close nearly a third of its 846 stores in the next two years. That would leave it with just over 600 locations. 1431

NEW YORK (AP) — From the earliest phases of the coronavirus pandemic, church services and other religious activities have been identified as sources of some local outbreaks. They have posed challenges in the U.S. for government leaders and health officials whose guidelines are sometimes challenged as encroachments on religious liberty. In the last two weeks alone, there have been two major church-government confrontations in California. First, San Francisco's city attorney sent a cease-and-desist order to the Roman Catholic archdiocese saying some churches had violated a ban on large indoor gatherings. A few days later, state officials temporarily banned singing and chanting at all indoor places of worship. 724

NEW YORK — David Dinkins, the first Black mayor of New York City, died Monday at the age of 93.Dinkins was elected in 1989 and served as mayor from 1990 to 1993, making him the first and only Black man to serve as the city's mayor.He was born in 1927 in Trenton, New Jersey. He was drafted, served as a Marine and later graduated from Howard University and Brooklyn Law School. He served in the state assembly before later becoming president of the board of elections, a city clerk and Manhattan borough president.Dinkins defeated longtime incumbent Mayor Ed Koch in the Democratic primary in 1989 and later beat Rudy Giuliani on his path to City Hall.In his inaugural address, he vowed to be "mayor of all the people of New York" and declared, "we are all foot soldiers on the march to freedom."Dinkins was known for his reserved public demeanor and civility.He was an American voice in favor of anti-apartheid sanctions, and his policies as mayor reflected his support for South Africa.He also created the office of Special Commissioner of Investigations for schools, built a system of after hour youth centers called Beacon Schools, and worked to create an all civilian police complaint review board.According to a city biography, Dinkins was sharply criticized for his handling of racial strife in Crown Heights, a boycott of Korean Grocers in Brooklyn and civil unrest in Washington Heights. He also dealt with sluggish economic growth.Giuliani succeeded Dinkins in 1993 after one term in office.After leaving City Hall, Dinkins remained active in city politics and taught public affairs at Columbia University.The NYPD said initial indications were that he died of natural causes.Dinkins was married to his wife Joyce for more than 65 years, and together they had two children.Joyce Dinkins died in October. She was 89.This story was originally published by Corey Crockett, John Muller on WPIX in New York City. The Associated Press contributed to this report. 1974

Neil Simon, the playwright and screenwriter whose indestructible comedies -- including "The Odd Couple," "Barefoot in the Park," "The Sunshine Boys" and "Brighton Beach Memoirs" -- made him one of the most successful writers in American history, has died. He was 91.The cause of death was complications with pneumonia, according to a statement from public relations firm DKC/O&M.Simon died sometime overnight Saturday at New York-Presbyterian Hospital in New York City, the statement said. 501