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With a coronavirus vaccine still months off, companies are rushing to test what may be the next best thing: drugs that deliver antibodies to fight the virus right away, without having to train the immune system to make them.Antibodies are proteins the body makes when an infection occurs; they attach to a virus and help it be eliminated. Vaccines work by tricking the body into thinking there’s an infection so it makes antibodies and remembers how to do that if the real bug turns up.But it can take a month or two after vaccination or infection for the most effective antibodies to form. The experimental drugs shortcut that process by giving concentrated versions of specific ones that worked best against the coronavirus in lab and animal tests.“A vaccine takes time to work, to force the development of antibodies. But when you give an antibody, you get immediate protection,” said University of North Carolina virologist Dr. Myron Cohen. “If we can generate them in large concentrations, in big vats in an antibody factory ... we can kind of bypass the immune system.”These drugs are believed to last for a month or more and could give quick, temporary immunity to people at high risk of infection, such as health workers and housemates of someone with COVID-19. If they proved effective and if a vaccine doesn’t materialize or protect as hoped, the drugs might eventually be considered for wider use, perhaps for teachers or other groups.They’re also being tested as treatments, to help the immune system and prevent severe symptoms or death.“The hope there is to target people who are in the first week of their illness and that we can treat them with the antibody and prevent them from getting sick,” said Dr. Marshall Lyon, an infectious disease specialist helping to test one such drug at Emory University in Atlanta.Having such a tool “would be a really momentous thing in our fight against COVID,” Cohen said.Vaccines are seen as a key to controlling the virus, which has been confirmed to have infected more than 20 million people worldwide and killed more than 738,000. Several companies are racing to develop vaccines, but the results of the large final tests needed to evaluate them are months away.The antibody drugs are “very promising” and, in contrast, could be available “fairly soon,” said Dr. Janet Woodcock, a U.S. Food and Drug Administration official who is leading government efforts to speed COVID-19 therapies. Key studies are underway and some answers should come by early fall.One company, Eli Lilly, has already started manufacturing its antibody drug, betting that studies now underway will give positive results.“Our goal is to get something out as soon as possible” and to have hundreds of thousands of doses ready by fall, said Lilly’s chief scientific officer, Dr. Daniel Skovronsky.Another company that developed an antibody drug cocktail against Ebola — Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. — now is testing one for coronavirus.“The success with our Ebola program gives us some confidence that we can potentially do this again,” said Christos Kyratsous, a Regeneron microbiologist who helped lead that work.Regeneron’s drug uses two antibodies to enhance chances the drug will work even if the virus evolves to evade action by one.Lilly is testing two different, single-antibody drugs — one with the Canadian company AbCellera and another with a Chinese company, Junshi Biosciences. In July, Junshi said no safety concerns emerged in 40 healthy people who tried it and that larger studies were getting underway.Others working on antibody drugs include Amgen and Adaptive Biotechnologies. The Singapore biotech company Tychan Pte Ltd. also is testing an antibody drug and has similar products in development for Zika virus and yellow fever.“I’m cautiously optimistic” about the drugs, said the nation’s top infectious diseases expert, Dr. Anthony Fauci. “I’m heartened by the experience that we had with Ebola,” where the drugs proved effective.What could go wrong?— The antibodies may not reach all of the places in the body where they need to act, such as deep in the lungs. All the antibody drugs are given through an IV and must make their way through the bloodstream to wherever they’re needed.— The virus might mutate to avoid the antibody — the reason Regeneron is testing a two-antibody combo that binds to the virus in different places to help prevent its escape.Skovronsky said Lilly stuck with one antibody because manufacturing capacity would essentially be cut in half to make two, and “you will have less doses available.” If a single antibody works, “we can treat twice as many people,” he said.— The antibodies might not last long enough. If they fade within a month, it’s still OK for treatment since COVID-19 illness usually resolves in that time. But for prevention, it may not be practical to give infusions more often than every month or two.A San Francisco company, Vir Biotechnology Inc., says it has engineered antibodies to last longer than they usually do to avoid this problem. GlaxoSmithKline has invested 0 million in Vir to test them.Giving a higher dose also may help. If half of antibodies disappear after a month, “if you give twice as much, you will have two months’ protection,” Lilly’s Skovronsky said.— The big fear: Antibodies may do the opposite of what’s hoped and actually enhance the virus’s ability to get into cells or stimulate the immune system in a way that makes people sicker. It’s a theoretical concern that hasn’t been seen in testing so far, but large, definitive experiments are needed to prove safety.“As best as we can tell, the antibodies are helpful,” Lyon said.___Marilynn Marchione can be followed on Twitter: @MMarchioneAP___The Associated Press Health and Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content. 5919

With coronavirus cases ramping up in a number of US states, more and more US governors have issued mandates to wear masks while in public settings.The continued spike in COVID-19 cases has caused several states to close bars and pause plans to reopen some businesses such as movie theaters.While a number of states had previously mandated masks in many public spaces, several more have been added to the list in recent days. Requiring face coverings are largely being seen as a way to avoid reinstituting stay-at-home orders, which most states implemented during the spring.Researchers from the University of Washington say that a projected 33,000 American lives would be saved between June 23 and October 1 if 95% of the population wore masks in public settings.A study in the Lancet found that the use of masks and respirators by those infected with the virus reduced the risk of spreading the infection by 85%. The authors analyzed data that showed that N95 respirators in healthcare settings were up to 96% effective. Other masks were found to be 77% effective.The following states generally require face coverings to be worn in public:Alabama - July 16Arkansas - July 16California – June 18Colorado - July 17Connecticut – April 20Delaware – May 1District of Columbia – May 16Hawaii - April 17Illinois – April 30Indiana - July 27Kansas - July 3Kentucky - July 10Louisiana - July 13Maine – April 29Maryland – April 18Massachusetts – May 6Michigan - April 24Minnesota - July 25Montana - July 16Nevada – June 24New Jersey - April 10New Mexico – May 15New York – April 15North Carolina – June 26Ohio - July 23Oregon - July 1Pennsylvania – April 18Puerto Rico Rhode Island – May 8Texas - July 2Vermont - August 1Virginia - June 8Washington - June 26West Virginia - July 7Some states, like Ohio and Texas, require mask wearing only in counties where there are high coronavirus case rates. More than a dozen other states have issued recommendations for wearing masks. Some of those states require employees in certain fields to wear a mask while at work. 2059

Wildlife biologists with the Conservancy of Southwest Florida shared a shocking python find in Collier-Seminole State Forest on Thursday. An invasive Burmese python's eyes were a little bigger than its stomach when it decided to devour a white-tailed deer fawn. Officials say pythons have been known to kill and ingest large prey and this was a record breaking meal.  Officials stumbled upon the python with the massive prey inside. The biologists removed the python out of the wild into an open area and the python was stressed so it pushed the deer out of its mouth. In the photo below you can see the breathing tube and tongue of the python as it has its mouth wrapped around the deer. Biologists believe it is the largest python-to-prey ratio documented. The python was 31.5 pounds and the deer was 35 pounds; 111% of the python's mass. The findings will be published in the March 2018 issue of the Herpetological Review.“This observation is another important piece of evidence for the negative impact invasive Burmese pythons are having on native wildlife across the Greater Everglades Ecosystem” said Ian Bartoszek, Conservancy of Southwest Florida wildlife biologist. “Imagine the potential consequences to the state and federally protected Florida panther if Burmese pythons adversely affect the number of white-tailed deer, a panther’s primary prey.”Biologists are focused on the impact the python is having across the food chain. Since 2013, the Conservancy and its research partners have been conducting research to document the invasive Burmese python's biology and behavior in Collier County, including the tracking, removal and necropsy of captured pythons.Kelly Bazzle is the Digital Executive Producer at Scripps Station WFTS. Follow Kelly on Twitter.  1831

When Mollie Tibbetts went for a jog and never returned, her death realized the worst fears of many runners, especially women, who lace up their sneakers unsure of what they may face on the road.But runners across the country aren't letting fears of a similar situation stop them. Instead, they are dedicating their runs to the 20-year-old University of Iowa student and sharing hopeful messages on social media tagged #MilesforMollie."This run is for you Mollie. We are with you. We will not allow fear to stop us from doing the things we love," University of Iowa alumna Sarah Hemann Bishop posted on Twitter. She included a picture of her sneakers, which have "Miles for Mollie" written on the side.A funeral was held Sunday for Tibbetts in her hometown of Brooklyn, Iowa, where she was last seen alive on July 18. Police say Cristhian Bahena Rivera told them he saw Tibbetts running and "pursued her in his vehicle." Later, he parked the car and started running near her. He is charged with first-degree murder."I find so much joy in running and as a female, I know I have to run with an added sense of caution, especially when running alone. It is unfair," Bishop told CNN. "I joined #milesformollie to show that we are not afraid. Mollie inspires us to be strong and brave." 1287

When exploring mortgage options, it’s likely you’ll hear about Federal Housing Administration and conventional loans. Let’s see, FHA loans are for first-time home buyers and conventional mortgages are for more established buyers — is that it?Not necessarily.Actually, the differences between FHA loans and conventional mortgages have narrowed in the past few years. Since 1934, loans guaranteed by the FHAn have been a go-to option for first-time home buyers because they feature low down payments and relaxed credit requirements.But conventional loans — which are not insured by a government agency like the FHA, the Department of Veterans Affairs or the U.S. Department of Agriculture — have gotten more competitive lately.Both types of loans have their advantages. Here are the factors to consider when deciding between an FHA and a conventional mortgage. 886