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Experts say the finalization of a COVID-19 vaccine is in our near future. Dr. William Moss is a professor of epidemiology and the executive director of the International Vaccine Access Center at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.“Remarkable progress has been made in the development of COVID-19 vaccines,” Dr. William Moss said.He says it typically takes five to 10 years to develop a vaccine, but with so much money and attention going toward COVID-19, he believes it’s likely we’ll have a vaccine by the end of the year.“I’m pretty confident that there will be a vaccine that will have an emergency-use authorization in the United States by the end of 2020,” Dr. Moss said.According to Dr. Moss, of the dozens if not hundreds of vaccine candidates in clinical trials, there are three vaccine candidates that have reached phase three. Phase three is when tens of thousands of volunteers test the vaccine to make sure it’s safe and effective.As of this week, we have optimistic news regarding phase-three efficacy results from biopharmaceutical company Pfizer – which has been collaborating with German company BioNTech.“Early preliminary results suggests that their vaccine is 90% or so effective in preventing mild to moderate or severe disease.”If the 90% efficacy data holds up after follow ups from participants in late November, Dr. Moss says he expects the FDA will rigorously review the data and approve the vaccine for distribution. That means health care workers and other high-priority groups would get the vaccine in December of this year, or early next year.“Pfizer says that they could have close to 50 million doses by the end of this year," Dr. Moss said. "Now remember their vaccine – as a number of the vaccine candidates do – requires two doses per individual. So, 50 million doses allows you to vaccinate about 25 million people.”Dr. Moss says the unprecedented investment in vaccine manufacturing will make it possible for the vaccine to be distributed so quickly. However, there are still quite a few logistical challenges since he says the Pfizer vaccine requires extreme cold temperatures as low as minus 117 degrees Fahrenheit.“So we need warehouses to store the vaccine that have freezers that can maintain that cold, we need transportation systems – planes, trucks – that can deliver the vaccine and keep it cold. And then at the site of distribution, we need to be able to keep these vaccines cold.”Therefore, he says it will likely take a lot longer for the general population to get the vaccine. He’s guessing not until the middle of 2021. Of course, the idea of saving lives with the help of a vaccine is very promising, but he says the greatest misconception is that we can go back to "normal" as soon as it’s distributed.“That by no means is going to indicate that we can go back to our pre-pandemic life," Dr. Moss said. "We will not know whether these vaccines stop transmission and we’re going to still need to wear masks, to wash our hands and physically distance even when vaccines become available.”Time and patience will be vital as we wait to see the long-term impacts of the vaccine in this pandemic. 3168

Experts agree that binge or heavy drinking while pregnant is alarmingly dangerous for a fetus, and advise against it -- but what about light drinking during pregnancy?It turns out that there's not much research on just how little a pregnant woman could drink without harming her unborn baby, according to a paper published in the journal BMJ Open on Monday.In the United States, doctors have long warned that drinking any alcohol while pregnant can come with serious medical risks, such as the possibility of miscarriage, stillbirth, or physical and behavioral problems in the baby, known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.Last year, a report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said that women should avoid drinking completely if they are not using birth control and there is any chance they might be pregnant.Guidelines in the United Kingdom also say that if you are pregnant or think you could become pregnant, the safest approach is not to drink alcohol at all.On Friday, the National Health Service Greater Glasgow and Clyde launched a "No alcohol, no alcohol harm" campaign aimed at pregnant women about the risk of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. There have been "mixed messages" around drinking while pregnant and the campaign aims to "put the issue to bed once and for all," according to the NHS.But the new paper calls for more research on the effects of light drinking on pregnancy in order to better understand potential risks and to find answers to the questions many mothers-to-be might have.For instance, "women often ask about 'safe' levels of drinking during pregnancy -- 'but one glass is OK, isn't it?'" Loubaba Mamluk, senior research associate in epidemiology at the University of Bristol in the UK and lead author of the paper, said in an email. "The distinction between light drinking and abstinence is indeed the point of most tension and confusion for health professionals and pregnant women.""We were surprised that this very important topic was not researched as widely as expected," she said.About one in 10 pregnant women in the United States, age 18 to 44, report that they've had at least one alcoholic beverage in the past 30 days while pregnant, according to the CDC. 2272

Employers may refuse to hire someone whose hair is in dreadlocks, a court of appeals has decided.The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission filed the civil rights suit against Catastrophe Management Services after it told a woman it would not bring her on board with dreadlocks and terminated a job offer.Reports indicate a human resources manager with the company told the candidate during a hiring meeting dreadlocks "tend to get messy." The EEOC?claimed it was a violation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964's Title VII, arguing dreadlocks are a "racial characteristic," according to NBC News.The 11th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the company in this lawsuit has a "race-neutral grooming policy" and was not discriminatory, and dreadlocks are not a cultural practice, NBC News reported. 817

Fall foliage has officially started here in the United States, and Roadtrippers has created a gorgeous map to show where and when to see the autumn colors.Leaves are changing in Vermont, and other areas will begin seeing the same soon. 248

ESCONDIDO, Calif. (KGTV) - Hundreds of teachers showed up Thursday night at the Escondido Union School board meeting, demanding better pay and benefits.The teachers are in the middle of a prolonged contract negotiation with the district.According to the superintendent, Luis Rankins-Ibarra, the district has offered a 3.37% retroactive raise for last year, when the teachers were working without a contract. Teachers have agreed to that, but are not satisfied with the 2.41% raise offered for the coming school year.“The surrounding districts have much better salary and benefits packages than ours,” said Romero Maratea, a middle school teacher and the president of the teacher’s union.The union is seeking a 2.7% cost of living adjustment (COLA) for next year. They are also asking for clarification on the district’s proposed 0.5% increase to their benefits, saying they do not know the underlying number it applies to.One of the teacher negotiators addressed the board on this topic.“Count the variables. So half a percent of an unknown quantity added to another undefined amount is what you are offering.”Another frustrated teacher commented, “are you trying to hide something? it sure seems like it.”A spokesperson for the district declined access to interview district officials.In a prepared statement from Superintendent Rankins-Ibarra, he wrote, “we are confident that we are close to a fair agreement.”He continued, “the district’s latest contract proposal is one that we can afford while still maintaining the minimum reserve requirement and remain fiscally sound three years out. Our budget presentation tonight confirms that while we can afford this offer, going beyond that would jeopardize the district’s fiscal solvency.” 1746