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You can think of NASA's Discovery program as a sort of outer-space American Idol: every few years the agency invites scientists to propose unmanned planetary missions. The projects have to address some sort of fundamental science question, and (this is the tough part) they have to be relatively cheap to pull off — say, half a billion dollars or so. Then the proposals go through a grueling competition before judges who aren't as nasty as Simon Cowell but who are every bit as tough. The one left standing at the end gets the equivalent of a recording contract: NASA supplies the funding and the launch vehicle, and away the winner goes — to orbit Mercury, as the Messenger spacecraft is doing right now; or to rendezvous with a couple of asteroids, as the Dawn mission will start doing this July; or to smash into a comet on purpose, a feat achieved by Deep Impact in 2005, a mission not to be confused with the movie of the same name. Now it's time for the next contenders. NASA has just announced that the first round of the latest Discovery competition is over, with three entries out of 28 moving on to the finals. They are, in increasing distance from Earth: the Geophysical Monitoring Station (GEMS) lander, which would use seismometers to study the interior of Mars; the Comet Hopper, which would do just that, leaping from place to place across the surface of Comet 46P/Wirtanen to see how different parts of the tumbling body react to heating by the sun; and the Titan Mare Explorer (TiME), which would plop into a sea of liquid hydrocarbons on Saturn's moon Titan — the first oceangoing vessel ever to set sail on another world. If you had to come up with a theme that ties all three missions together, it would be "origins." The Titan explorer, for example, will be studying a place that — in a crude way, at least — resembles the early planet Earth at a time when life arose here. Titan, with a thick atmosphere and a bizarro-world form of weather featuring toxic winds and hydrocarbon rain, is home to a mix of complex chemistry, complete with organic molecules. The oceans provide a medium in which the molecules can move around and interact with each other. It's even conceivable, though clearly a long shot, that some form of microscopic life already exists on this frigid moon. The Mars lander, by contrast, would visit a place where the seas — plain water in this case — vanished long ago. But the mission of GEMS goes far deeper than that. By analyzing Marsquakes on the Red Planet, GEMS will try to get a handle on what the interior of Mars is like. Scientists don't currently know whether the planet's core is liquid, like Earth's, or solid, or some mushy consistency in between. It all depends on how efficiently Mars has cooled since it formed 4.5 billion years ago, and that depends in turn on the planet's internal structure. "That's the mission," says Bruce Banerdt, of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the lead scientist for GEMS. "We want to understand how Mars was built." Along with sensitive seismographic equipment, GEMS will drill down about 20 ft. (6 m) with a thermometer-equipped probe, trying to figure out how quickly the temperature rises with depth. "That will let us extrapolate all the way down to the center," Banerdt says, "which will tell us how fast Mars is cooling."

BEIJING, May 10 (Xinhuanet) -- Autism spectrum disorder may be under diagnosed and under reported worldwide and rigorous screening is needed for accurate estimates, said researchers in Monday's American Journal of Psychiatry.Researchers from the Yale Child Study Center, George Washington University and other leading institutions screened every child aged 7 to 12 in Ilsan district of the city of Goyang, a community of 488,590 in South Korea, and found more than two-thirds of ASD cases in the mainstream school population unrecognized and untreated.They estimated the prevalence of ASD in South Korea to be 2.64 percent, or approximately 1 in 38 children.The figure is more than twice the rate usually reported in the developed world. Even that rate, about 1 percent, has been climbing rapidly in recent years — from 0.6 percent in the United States in 2007, for example.“From the get-go we had the feeling that we would find a higher prevalence than other studies because we were looking at an understudied population: children in regular schools,” said the lead researcher, Dr. Young-Shin Kim, a child psychiatrist and epidemiologist at the Yale Child Study Center.By contrast, other research groups measure autism prevalence by examining and verifying records of existing cases kept by health care and special education agencies, but leaving out many children whose parents and schools have never sought a diagnosis.Kim said the researchers concluded autism prevalence estimates worldwide may increase if rigorous screening and comprehensive population studies are used to produce prevalence estimates.But it is suggested the findings did not mean that the actual numbers of children with autism were rising, simply that the study was more comprehensive than previous ones.

PARIS, April 22 (Xinhua) -- Heavy load launcher Ariane 5 lifted off two communication satellites, Yahsat Y1A and Intelsat New Dawn, at around 6:37 p.m. local time (2137 GMT) on Friday from Europe's Spaceport in French Guiana.Yahsat Y1A is the first United Arab Emirates satellite launched by Arianespace. It is built by Astrium and Thales Alenia Space and will be positioned at 52.5 degrees East. With a design life of 15 years, it will be operated by the Al Yah Satellite Communications Company, a telecommunications company indirectly controlled by the Abu Dhabi Government.Weighing around 5,935 kilograms at lift-off, Yahsat Y1A was expected to be separated first around 27 minutes after the launcher started the flight.The second passenger Intelsat New Dawn was built by Orbital Sciences Corporation and weighs about 3,000 kilograms. Also with a designed life span of 15 years, it is planned to be positioned at 32.8 degrees East.Via the second mission of Ariane 5 in 2011, Yahsat Y1A will provide customized relay services for the government and commercial sectors in the Middle East, Africa, Europe and Southwest Asia, while Intelsat New Dawn will work as a part of the global Intelsat fleet, offering service for Africa.This launch, the 201st of an Ariane family vehicle since 1979, brought to 22 the number of Intelsat satellites serving Africa, according to the launching company.Originally scheduled for liftoff on March 30, this dual-payload mission was delayed following an interruption of the final countdown when an incorrect displacement of one of the engine's actuators was detected, Arianespace said in a statement. The launching center planned to have six liftoffs of Ariane 5 through this year.

WASHINGTON, May 25 (Xinhua) -- The number of young adults in the United States with high blood pressure may be much higher than previously reported, according to a new study by researchers at the University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill.Researchers analyzed data on more than 14,000 men and women between 24 and 32 years old in 2008 from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, known as Add Health. They found 19 percent had elevated blood pressure, also referred to as hypertension. Only about half of the participants with elevated blood pressure had ever been told by a health-care provider that they had the condition."The findings are significant because they indicate that many young adults are at risk of developing heart disease, but are unaware that they have hypertension," said Quynh Nguyen, a doctoral student at UNC's Gillings School of Global Public Health and the study's lead author. Hypertension is a strong risk factor for stroke and coronary heart disease, the leading cause of death for adults in the United States.The findings were published this week in the journal Epidemiology.Kathleen Mullan Harris, Add Health's principal investigator and a co-author of the paper, said the findings were noteworthy because they were from the first nationally representative, field- based study of blood pressure to focus on young adults."The message is clear," said Harris. "Young adults and the medical professionals they visit shouldn't assume they're not old enough to have high blood pressure. This is a condition that leads to chronic illness, premature death and costly medical treatment."

CAIRO, Jan. 23 (Xinhua) -- As part of bilateral efforts to enhance cultural cooperation between the two great civilizations, China, as the Guest of Honor, will participate in the 43rd Cairo International Book Fair in Egypt."An outstanding Chinese delegation will attend the fair to inform the Egyptian people all about Chinese culture," said Chen Dongyun, cultural counsellor of the Chinese Embassy in Egypt.Some 248 publishers, 13 renowned scholars, writers and artists will display about 10,000 books about the achievements made by China in various fields such as politics, economy, science and technology, and culture.The fair, the most important of its kind in the Arab region, will be held on Jan. 29 through Feb. 8 in the Cairo International Conference Center. The annual fair began in 1969.The Chinese hall in the center covers an area of 1,400 square meters, with special areas allocated for a variety of exhibitions about the history of the evolution of Chinese characters, photos reflecting Sino-Egypt friendship and landscape of modern China and intangible cultural heritage.The fair also includes a seminar featuring literature and translation among Chinese and Egyptian writers and artists and a week-long film show in which six Chinese films with Arabic subtitles will be introduced to the audience.Chinese participation reflected the common consensus of the leaders of the two countries to deepen mutual understanding and friendship and will serve to promote the sound and sustainable development of bilateral relations, Chen said.Zhang Jichen, vice president of China National Publications Import and Export (Group) Corporation, which is in charge of the organization of the Chinese activities at the fair, said a cooperation agreement between the General Administration of Press and Publication of China and Egypt's Ministry of Culture.China will also present some 1,000 high-quality books to the National Library and Archives of Egypt and the Alexandria Library.The fair is expected to attract 632 publishers from 29 countries, including 17 in the Middle East. More than two million visitors participate in the fair each year.