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SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — From business closures to limits on gatherings, there’s mounting evidence that government restrictions do slow the spread of COVID-19. But which policies are the most effective?A study published this month in the journal Science aims to answer that question by examining data from 41 countries outside the U.S.The researchers examined seven kinds of COVID-19 policies in mostly European countries and compared them to case and death rates in those countries over time.The policies included limiting gatherings to 1000 people or less, to 100 people or less, and to 10 people or less; a targeted closure on high-risk businesses; a broad closure of most non-essential businesses; school and university closures; and stay-at-home orders.The authors found limiting gatherings to 10 people or less was the most effective nonpharmaceutical intervention of the seven examined, reducing the transmission rate by 42 percent.Closing schools and universities was next, cutting transmission by 38 percent. The researchers said they were not able to examine the relative importance of closing universities over grade schools because such closures were typically implemented at the same time.Next, the researchers examined the impact of two kinds of business closures. They found broad closures of most non-essential businesses were “only somewhat more effective than targeted closures” of high-risk businesses like restaurants, bars and nightclubs. Broad business closures reduced transmission by 27 percent compared to an 18 percent reduction for targeted closures.“Therefore, targeted business closures can be a promising policy option in some circumstances,” the authors wrote.The study estimates those three policies together -- closing high-risk businesses, closing schools and universities, and limiting gatherings to no more than 10 people -- are enough lower to slow the spread of the virus.In epidemiological terms, interventions are considered successful when they lower the so-called number below 1. The reproduction number, or R number, is the average number of people who become infected from one infectious person. Without interventions, the study found the R number for COVID-19 between January and May was 3.3.The study did not examine the impact of wearing masks, but other studies have found that masks can also significantly reduce the spread of COVID-19.So what about stay-at-home orders? Mandatory stay-at-home orders where people are only allowed outside for essential tasks or during certain times of the day tend to be a last resort, when there are other restrictions already in place.The researchers found mandatory stay-at-home orders cut transmission another 13 percent on top of other policies. “Issuing a stay-at-home order had a small effect when a country had already closed educational institutions, closed nonessential businesses, and banned gatherings,” the authors wrote. 2919

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) -- Five locations of the San Diego County YMCA reopened today. They include Dan McKinney, Jackie Robinson, Magdalena Ecke, McGrath Family, and the Mission Valley branches.But with ever-changing rules by the State and County, staff and members of the YMCA understand that this reopening may be short-lived.Twice a day, Doug Harrigan would come to the Mission Valley YMCA. But since the COVID-19 quarantine began, he switched to working out at home."It's been rough," Harrigan said.Now he's back."I had a chance to talk to the members that I used to see on a regular basis, and it just felt good to do a real workout in a gym rather than my living room."Starting July 1, 2020, Mission Valley, Dan McKinney (La Jolla), Jackie Robinson (Mt. Hope), Magdalena Ecke (Encinitas), and McGrath Family (Spring Valley) YMCA branches are open, at a modified capacity."Masks required, health check stations, signage everywhere, and we've separated the fitness equipment to the 6-foot social distancing requirements," Assistant Executive Director of the Mission Valley YMCA, Jason Milosh said.At this point, group exercise classes and pools remain closed.Last week, some branches, including Mission Valley, opened up its Kids Day Camps. This year, space is extremely limited due to social distancing rules, and there will not be any field trips. But parents are happy that they are keeping busy."Summer learning loss has been aggravated by the challenges that our school system has had in the last few months of school," Molish said. "So, we have incorporated some more academic components to our summer camps to help kids bridge that summer learning loss."But with the State and County coming out with new rules, seemingly every week, gyms and community centers like the YMCA, must be flexible."Re-closing is a possibility, and we are prepared for that," Milosh said. "We feel good about the precautions that we have taken, but if things worsen and it is determined that we need to close, then we are going to be prepared to do that."But for Harrigan, he hopes it does not come down to that, because with the YMCA, he says he would look and feel much different."It is essential. If I did not work out, I'd probably be 250 pounds," Harrigan laughed.On July 8, 2020, four more San Diego County YMCA branches will open. Those include Cameron Family (Santee), Copely-Price (City Heights), Toby Wells (Kearny Mesa), and the South Bay (Chula Vista) Family branches.Milosh also says he also hopes to reopen the pools for lap swim workouts by next week.For more information about YMCA reopenings, click HERE. 2612

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — Empty school busses belonging to the San Diego Unified School District are being driven around even though most students continue virtual learning.While this happens, San Diego Unified sits in Phase One of its reopening plan — meaning many students are still at home. Erin Coller's 5-year-old is in the school district. Right now he's learning from home but Coller says she seen busses in the neighborhood."Every time I see one of those busses I just think who is riding them - where could they possibly be going," says Coller. "It stopped at our house around the time that it used to come to our house and I was loading the kids in the car and I was like are you and angel can you just take them and drive them around please, what are you doing and he was just driving the route."At the end of October, Team 10 followed school busses on several days to see where they're going and what they're doing. After leaving the bus yard in Kearny Mesa, one bus headed north to the Scripps Ranch area. The bus made several stops like it was following a planned route, but no students ever got on or off. About 90 minutes and 31 miles later, the bus was back at the yard.Another bus left the yard later that same afternoon and headed to a school in the Poway area. It picked up one student and then headed south to drop them off.The next week, another bus bus went from the yard to Interstate 805 south. It continued on to State Route 54 east to then over to SR-125 north. The bus then completed the circle on SR-52 west. About 40 miles and 53 minutes later, the bus was back in the yard. It never stopped.Standing outside the school lot, bus movement is constant. SDUSD says for good reason."Just starting them up and running them in the parking lot for 10 minutes is not sufficient. They need to put on several miles to make sure that that transmission is maintained that fluids are at the right levels that seals and gaskets are all working also to make sure that our batteries are all charged," says Marceline Marques, SDUSD's operations support officer.Marques oversees the district's transportation."During a regular school year, you would see busses operating empty. I think it just stands out right now because most of our students are participating in online learning," Marques said.Part of that time on the road is driver proficiency. Right now, along with honing their skills, drivers are doing everything from delivering textbooks, to educational supplies, and computers to students' homes.They are evaluating stops for safety and space with social distancing requirements and evaluating school drop-off areas for physical distancing needs and adjustments among other things. The list of driver responsibilities goes on."If it's diesel it needs to be run or it can have problems but as far as delivering supplies I'm shocked to hear that they are doing that because we have multiple students at our school who can not come pick up supplies," one parent told Team 10.The district says it pays .83 per gallon for renewable diesel. Busses average about seven miles per gallon. So that first 30-mile trip we watched cost a little less than in gas. The bus that didn't stop, about .50 for that trip."I think that the practice of running our buses far outweighs the cost of the fuel or the concern that folks have when they see it running without a passenger," Marques said.Right now, about 150 busses are transporting students. Others are being used to help in other ways and some like we saw are rotating through that maintenance schedule. The district says overall, it needs to be ready for the next phases in reopening. 3654

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — Four-year-old Lani Kai Bittner tried out for "Kids Say The Darndest Things" last June and evidently producers loved what she had to say.Lani Kai will appear on the ABC show on Sunday at 8 p.m. during the show's holiday-themed episode. Host Tiffany Haddish will talk with children about their favorite holiday traditions, who gets on the nice list, and what kids want for Christmas.In a preview from ABC, young Lani Kai's Christmas list certainly aims high.RELATED: 'Kids Say the Darndest Things' reboot casting call held at Legoland"May I please have a toy unicorn that flies through the sky and a pink narwhal with a bow in it?" Lani Kai asks, before sending out a big "thank you" to Santa.Hundreds of kids, ages 4-11, tried out to appear on the show in June during auditions held at Legoland."They come in and let it go and it is just the most hilarious thing ever," casting producer Cevin Middleton told 10News during the event. 958

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) -- For over a decade, SDSU associate professor of chemistry Gregory Holland has been researching spiders and particularly black widow’s silk.They’ve come to the realization, through their research, that the properties of black widow silk are stronger than steel and tougher than the Kevlar in bulletproof vests.Gregory Holland, SDSU associate professor of analytical chemistry and Northwestern chemistry professor Nathan Gianneschi said their collaboration shows the organization of the molecules involved in silk production is more complex than previously thought.There are companies that use synthetic spider silk but its the specific black widow spider silk that has the top tier benefits.“The synthetic spider silk its not a bad material, its just not as good as the real thing," Holland said.Holland says the company that creates synthetic silk actually has partnerships with Adidas and Patagonia. "The most important thing is a spider does it low energy, environmentally friendly. It’s just protein water and salt”.Once they reach the point where they’re able to identically replicate the silk of a black widow spider, the artificial version could be used in building materials for bridges or environmentally friendly replacements for plastic.Black widows (Latrodectus hesperus) spin a lightweight thread much stronger than that of other spider species, with draglines that can stretch an extra 25 percent of their length before snapping.The composition of the spun silk fibers was previously identified, but the structure of the proteins involved in producing them has been more of a mystery, now one step closer. 1650