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It seems people are not letting the coronavirus pandemic damper their holiday spirit as more than 3 million travelers took to the skies the weekend before Christmas.According to The Transportation Security Administration daily tally tracker, 1,064,619 people flew on Sunday, 1,073,563 traveled on Saturday, and 1,066,747 were screened on Friday.This marks the first time since March 16 that checkpoint numbers were over 1 million on consecutive days.Despite an increase in travelers, the amount of Americans traveling before Christmas was nowhere near the amount that traveled the weekend before Christmas last year - that weekend, TSA screen 7.6 million Americans.The surge in travelers comes despite the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention advising Americans to stay home and not travel during the holiday to slow the coronavirus spread. 854
It's amazing how quickly technology can change. What seemed impossible just a few years ago is now reality. Robots are about to reach the next level, flexing their muscles like never before.It may not seem like much in this basement lab, but with a jolt of electricity, a team is creating the muscle of the future. "It's actually one of the closest analogs to natural muscle," says University of Colorado Boulder PhD student Shane Mitchell. "It almost performs like natural muscle."It's delicate enough to pick up a raspberry without bursting it, and an egg without breaking it. Yet strong enough to lift a gallon of water."We were inspired to create this artificial muscle from the world we live in," says Tim Morrissey, who manages the team at the Keplinger Research Group lab. The team develop HASEL, an artificial soft muscle that could enhance robot technology, making them better able to help people who need it."The robot needs to come into your home and work around you," Morrisey says. "And so if the robot is going to go up stairs it's going to need muscles to do that."HASEL muscle technology could also lead to advanced prosthetics.Morrisey says, "If you make a robot that has you know a skeleton frame with a soft bicep on it that moves up and down, you can do the same thing with a prosthetic."While other artificial muscles can be bulky, or unable to withstand electric pulses, if there's an electric surge, HASEL can even repair itself. And with a rubber shell, electrodes and liquid inside, can you believe it costs only about 10 cents to make. "Originally we used canola oil actually just from the local grocery store," Mitchell says. It's an exciting innovation, but to this team, it's much more."We want to do something new in the scientific community," Mitchell says. "But it's really no help if it just stays in the lab. So we want to bring our technology to the community." Creating the next generation of robot technology, by adding a more natural touch. 2017

It may not be as oft-quoted as the First Amendment or as contested as the Second Amendment, but the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution plays a critical role in supporting some of our closest-held notions of American freedom and equality.For one, it clearly states that American citizenship is a birthright for all people who are born on American soil -- something that President Donald Trump has announced he wants to end. Not only would this unravel 150 years of American law, it would loosen a significant cornerstone of the Constitution's interpretation of American identity.In order to better understand this part of the 14th Amendment, we asked two experts in constitutional and immigration law to walk us through the first section. The amendment has five sections, but we will only be dealing with the first, which contains the Citizenship Clause and three other related clauses.But first, some historyThe 14th Amendment is known as a Reconstruction amendment, because it was added to the Constitution after the Civil War in 1868. That places it at an important historical crossroads, when lingering wounds of divisiveness and animosity still plagued the nation and the reality of a post-slavery America begged contentious racial and social questions."Thomas Jefferson said men were created equal, but the original Constitution betrayed that promise by allowing for slavery," says Jeffrey Rosen. "The 13th, 14th and 15th amendments were designed to enshrine Lincoln's promise of a new America."However, as so often is the case, this reaffirmed American ideal fell short of reality. Rosen notes that issues of civil rights and equal treatment continued to be denied to African Americans, LGBT people and other citizens for more than a century after the amendment's ratification.And Erika Lee points out that Native Americans weren't even allowed to become citizens until 1925."Even as [these amendments] were written, obviously there were major built-in inequalities and maybe at the time weren't intended to apply to everyone," Lee says.Why was citizenship by birthright such an important concept?"Citizenship was a central question left open by the original Constitution," says Rosen. "At the time it was written, the Constitution assumed citizenship, but it didn't provide any rules for it. In the infamous Dred Scott decision, the Chief Justice said African Americans can't be citizens of the US and 'had no rights which the white man was bound to respect.'"The US Supreme Court's ruling in the Dred Scott case, named for a slave who unsuccessfully sued for his freedom, has since been widely condemned.READ MORE: Scott v. Sandford"The 14th Amendment was designed to overturn this decision and define citizenship once and for all, and it was based on birthright," Rosen says. "It is really important that it's a vision of citizenship based on land rather than blood. It is an idea that anyone can be an American if they commit themselves to our Constitutional values."What does it mean to be "subject to the jurisdiction thereof?"According to Rosen, this is one of the greatest questions of citizenship. There are two clear examples of people not subject to the jurisdictions of the United States: diplomats and their children, and -- at the time of the 14th Amendment -- Native Americans, who were not recognized as part of the American populace."With those two exceptions, everyone who was physically present in the United States was thought to be under its jurisdiction," Rosen says. "There are numerous Supreme Court cases that reaffirm that understanding, and almost as importantly, there are lots of congressional statutes that assume birthright citizenship."Some scholars, like John Eastman of the Claremont Institute's Center for Constitutional Jurisprudence, have argued that children of illegal immigrants are not "subject to the jurisdiction" of the US and thus should not be considered citizens under the Constitution.But Rosen says this is a minority view among constitutional scholars of all political backgrounds."While the Supreme Court has not explicitly ruled [on the instance of children of illegal immigrants], Congress has passed all kinds of laws presuming their citizenship," Rosen says.What is the connection between birthright citizenship and immigration?In 1898, 30 years after the 14th Amendment was adopted, the Supreme Court reached a defining decision in a case known as the United States v. Wong Kim Ark. Lee explains that Wong Kim Ark was the American-born son of Chinese immigrants."Asian immigrants were the first immigrants to the US that couldn't be considered white," Lee says. "So they are treated differently. They are taxed differently, they are stripped of many rights. In the 1880s, they are excluded from immigration and barred from citizenship."READ MORE: The United States v. Wong Kim ArkSo, the main question of the case was, could a person born in America be a citizen in a place where his parents could not be as well? The Supreme Court decided yes, and the case remains the first defining legal decision made under the banner of birthright citizenship."[The Supreme Court's decision] said that the right of citizenship is not a matter of inheritance, that it never descends from generation to generation, it is related to where you're born," Lee says. "It's about the power of place. That has been a very expansive, and at the time, a corrective measure to a more exclusionary definition both legally as well as culturally as to what an American is."Why must it be stated that the privileges of citizenship need to be protected?Before the Civil War, states didn't necessarily have to follow the provisions stated in the Bill of Rights; only Congress had to. The 14th Amendment changed that."This second sentence of the Amendment means that states have to respect the Bill of Rights as well as basic civil rights and the rights that come along with citizenship," Rosen says. "The idea was that there were rights that were so basic; so integral to citizenship that they could not be narrowed by the states."Despite the promises and protections of citizenship, Lee says it is abundantly clear that different racial groups were, and often are, seen as unable or unworthy to function as true American citizens. After all, basic rights of citizenship, like suffrage and equal treatment, were denied certain racial groups for a hundred years after the 14th Amendment."The idea of a law applying to 'all people' seems to be clear. But in reality, the debate and the laws and practices that get established are very much based on a hierarchy of, well sure, all persons, but some are more fit and some are more deserving than others," she says.Throughout history, Asian immigrants, Mexican immigrants, Muslim immigrants and their children, to name a few, have had unspoken cultural caveats applied to their ability to be Americans."For Asian immigrants, the racial argument at the time was that 'It didn't matter whether one were born in the US or not, Asians as a race, are unassimilable. They are diametrically opposite from us Americans,'" Lee says."That was the argument that was used to intern Japanese citizens. It was the denial of citizenship in favor of race: 'The ability to become American, the ability to assimilate, they just didn't have it.'"Why was it important to legalize rights for non-citizens?So far, we've covered the first clause, the Citizenship Clause, and the second, the Privileges and Immunities Clause. These both deal with American citizens.The final two clauses, the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection clause, are a little different, and deal with the rights of all people in the United States.Eagle-eyed Constitution readers will notice that the 14th Amendment contains a "due process" clause very similar to the Fifth Amendment. This, says Rosen, was a technical addition to ensure the Fifth Amendment wasn't theoretically narrowed down to protect only American citizens."The 14th Amendment distinguishes between the privileges of citizenship and the privileges of all people," Rosen says. "The framers [of the amendment] thought there were certain rights that were so important that they should be extended to all persons, and in order to specify that they needed a new 'due process' clause."What does it mean to have 'equal protection of the laws'?"At the time following the Civil War, at its core, it meant all persons had the right to be protected by the police, that the laws of the country should protect all people," Rosen says. "In the 20th century, more broader questions were litigated under the 14th Amendment, like Brown v. Board of Education -- whether segregation was constitutional. Cases involving the internment of Japanese citizens, case from the marriage equality decisions, even Roe vs. Wade have strains of equal protection language and invoke due process law."READ MORE: Brown v. Board of EducationAnother interesting case that speaks directly to the immigration side of the 14th Amendment debate is the 1982 case of Plyler v. Doe, in which the Supreme Court ruled it was unconstitutional for the state of Texas to deny funding for undocumented immigrant children.READ MORE: Plyler v. DoeWhy are we talking about all this right now?This week,?Trump vowed to end the right to citizenship for the children of non-citizens and unauthorized immigrants born on US soil.But his interest in repealing birthright citizenship isn't a new idea. Lee says for the last 30 years or so, there have been several overtures by the political right to explore "citizenship reform," a timeline that she says aligns with the ascendancy of modern American conservatism.Lee fears if the current push to end birthright citizenship is successful, it could have wider implications than most people assume. People from other countries who are here legally on work or student visas, for instance, could have children who do not legally belong to the only country they know."There have been attempts since the 1990s to break away birthright citizenship, or narrow it down, and it did not seem that they would have a chance at succeeding until now," she says."To me this not only reflects the ascendancy of an extreme right position but also a return to a very narrow and exclusionary definition of Americanness." 10356
In the wake of a shooting at?Pittsburgh's Tree of Life?synagogue that left 11 dead and six injured, religious communities around the U.S. and those embedded in them responded with messages of hope, solidarity and sadness.Here is what they had to say.Cincinnati, Ohio 299
INDIANAPOLIS -- An abused dog that was shot and left for dead has a new lease on life after an Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department Officer and his wife, a paramedic with the Wayne Township Fire Department decided to step in and help. Officer Tim Elliott was on patrol when he came across the dog that had been shot in the face and doused in bleach. Wayne Township Fire Department Captain Mike Pruitt says Officer Elliott and his fellow officers rushed in to help and took the pup to the emergency vet to try and save him. "Still alive and wagging his tail, Tim and Tiffany couldn't let this little guy perish at the hands of a savage criminal owner," said Pruitt. Pruitt says the couple fell in love with the pup and decided to save him. The pup, who's been lovingly nicknamed "Winks," will need surgery to have his eye removed as well as other medical treatments from the damage his previous owner had done, The Elliott family is raising money to try to help cover those costs which are expected to exceed ,500. "Winks now has a forever home full of love and a "brother" (Gauge) to help him through this," said Captain Pruitt. "Please help us help Tim and Tiffany in their journey to give Winks a happy home!" 1274
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