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As more and more public spaces open back up, many people are finding themselves a little jumpy when they hear someone cough nearby. Are they sick, is it allergies, is it coronavirus?Chances are, we are jumping to conclusions about those “sick” sounds we find disgusting, according to a recently published study from the University of Michigan and University of California, Irvine.“We find no evidence that perceivers can reliably detect pathogen threats from cough and sneeze sounds, even though they are reasonably certain they can,” said Nicholas Michalak, the study’s lead author and a University of Michigan psychology graduate student.In other words, we humans are not very good at distinguishing the seriousness of a cough or sniffle by the sound of it. In fact, the study found that the more disgusting a person perceived the sound to be, the more likely they were to believe the sound came from an infected person, regardless of whether it did.Previous research has indicated people can accurately diagnose infection in others using other senses, like sight and smell.The research is based on four studies that had participants judge whether a cough or sneeze sound came from people infected with a communicable (easily spread) disease or not. On average, participants guessed four out of ten sounds correctly.“Moreover, there was no evidence that accuracy improved when participants knew the true number of infectious sounds in advance or when participants focused on how clear or disgusting they perceived the sounds,” Michalak said. “Despite this poor overall accuracy, perceivers consistently reported reasonable certainty in their judgments.”The study’s authors theorized that people have a belief that a sound that disgusts them is likely to represent a disease threat - this could lead them to exhibit biases to avoid interactions with others who make disgusting but noninfectious noises, according to Mickalak.The study’s co-authors are Oliver Sng, assistant professor of psychological science at UC-Irvine, and U-M graduate student Iris Wang and U-M associate professor of psychology Joshua Ackerman.Read the full study here. 2150

As millions of Americans are struggling to find work, some have stopped looking and decided to create an opportunity for themselves instead.Experts believe this is evident in the sudden spike of new business applications.For example, a few months ago, Leigh Altshuler in New York City lost her job and rather than search for a new one, she decided to invest her entire savings into a business around her passion for books.“I was caught definitely by surprise,” said Altshuler. “I felt so low when I lost my job and to be able to turn this into something that makes me feel so lucky and so fortunate, is already a huge success.”Altshuler’s bookstore, Sweet Pickle Books, is expected to open by the end of October.Nicolas Bryon took a similar path.“I was working at a local restaurant here in Tampa when the pandemic hit,” said Bryon. “I was a forced layoff."Bryon and his brother recently opened a meal kit business around the chef’s homemade pasta. Starting a business together was an idea they had kicked around for years, but never had the time to flesh it out. That is, until Bryon lost his job.“Definitely had the time to slow things down and plan things out,” added Bryon.The business has taken off, providing more than a good income for the siblings.“I feel free,” he explained. "I feel a lot freer than I did a few months ago. Doing what I love, like on my own time, creating my own dishes and being financially sustained. It’s awesome.”According to data provided by the U.S. Census Bureau, across the country, there have been at least 3.2 million new business applications filed this year. This time last year, that number was around 2.7 million.“It is hard to know at the moment as to whether or not this trend that we have seen, that is very discernible, is going to continue and it is hard to know exactly what the real impact over time is going to be,” said John Dearie, founder of the Center for American Entrepreneurship in Washington, D.C.Dearie believes new businesses like Sweet Pickle Books and Pasta Packs have an uphill battle. However, if these businesses and other new ones survive, they could be a major factor in our economic recovery.“Startups are disproportionately responsible, they are not the only source, but they are the major source, but disproportionately responsible for the innovations that drive economic growth and job creation in the economy,” explained Dearie.For now, they are helping at least three people survive and find purpose in this pandemic. 2497

As so many massive data breaches have shown, there's no way to completely protect your information from swindlers.But being aware of fraudulent schemes — especially during tax season — can minimize your bad luck. And it can protect you from IRS penalties, interest and in some cases criminal prosecution if you fall for them.Here are 12 of the biggest tax scams the IRS is flagging this year:1. Phone scams: Put simply, anyone who calls or texts you unsolicited and claims to be from the IRS is a fraud. The IRS will never call, text or email you out of the blue. It will never ask you to wire cash or provide bank and credit card numbers. It will never call to threaten you with arrest or deportation.So, if you're contacted, don't give out any information about yourself. Just hang up.2. Phishing: Emails enticing you to click on a link and give up personal information (name, Social Security number, bank account numbers, etc.) are a scourge of daily life.This tax season the IRS is seeing a new twist on phishing: Unexpected deposits of tax refunds in your bank account.Criminals who've stolen your tax and banking information from elsewhere file a fraudulent tax return in your name and have the refund deposited in your account. They then will contact you by phone or email pretending to be from the IRS or a collection agency, claiming a refund was deposited erroneously in your account and ordering you to send it to them.In other email schemes, criminals may pose as your bank or other legitimate institution you know to get you to fork over your passwords, Social Security number and other valuable information.3. Tax return preparer fraud: Most tax preparers may be honest. But there are still many unscrupulous ones.One telltale sign of a fraudster: They base their fee on the size of your refund and encourage you to take tax breaks you're not entitled to or to under-report your income to inflate your refund.Another: They don't insist you give them records and receipts. Or they ask you to sign a blank return.Before giving any information to a new preparer, ask for an IRS Preparer Tax Identification Number. You can also search the IRS directory of credentialed preparers. If he says he's a CPA, check your State Board of Accountancy. Or for attorneys, check with your State Bar Association.Also, make sure he can e-file returns. Preparers who have more than 10 clients have to be able to do that.4. Falsely inflating refunds: Scam artists posing as tax preparers may file false information on your return all for the purpose of inflating your refund.They may report deductions, credits or exemptions you don't qualify for. Or they may try to report your taxable income as zero through the use of bogus forms.5. Falsely inflating income: Some fraudsters try to inflate your income — reporting wages or self-employment income you didn't earn — to qualify you for a refundable credit like the Earned Income Tax Credit.6. Falsely padding deductions: Some tax preparers may encourage you to overstate your deductions, such as charitable contributions, to get a larger refund or reduce what you owe.7. Improperly claiming business credits: If a tax preparer encourages you to take a business credit like the research and development tax credit or the fuel tax credit, make sure you're eligible first.Here's a break down of how to qualify..8. Making frivolous tax arguments: Did you know that the First Amendment lets you refuse to pay taxes on moral or religious grounds?Well, it doesn't.But anyone who tries to snooker you into believing that it does — or tries to sell you on other too-good-to-be-true ideas — is encouraging you to engage in frivolous tax arguments to lower your tax obligations.9. Abusive tax shelters: If someone tries to sell you on the idea of protecting your money from taxes through a complicated scheme, be wary. It could be an illegal tax shelter.The IRS this year is particularly attuned to so-called "micro-captive" insurance structures. While some are legitimate, there are cases where "promoters, accountants, or wealth planners persuade owners of closely-held entities to participate in schemes that lack many of the attributes of genuine insurance," the agency noted.Before signing on to any type of shelter: Ask the person trying to sell you the product whether she's collecting a referral fee from anyone, and get a second opinion about the set-up from a trusted, independent tax adviser.10. Fake charities: Groups asking for money that have names or websites very similar to well-known charities may be scams. To verify whether they're a qualified charity to which contributions are tax deductible, ask for the group's Employer Identification Number and enter it into the IRS Exempt Organizations Select Check.11. Hiding money offshore: There is nothing wrong with having money offshore so long as you report your foreign accounts to the IRS every year, and pay whatever US taxes are owed on them. But if anyone tries to sell you on an account in another country or non-US territory and promises your money will be protected from US taxes and IRS detection, that's likely an offshore tax cheating scheme.12. Identity theft: The good news is reports of tax-related identity theft have gone down. The bad news? It's still a big risk. Thieves armed with your Social Security number or Individual Taxpayer Identification Number can file a return in your name and claim your refund before you do.The best way to protect yourself is to be vigilant about not falling for the most prevalent tax scams listed here.And never give your personal information to untrustworthy sources.  5633

As September is NICU Awareness Month, parents of NICU babies are working to serve as a voice for families who are trying to navigate the overwhelming and often terrifying experience of watching your baby in a neonatal intensive care unit, especially during a pandemic.When Andi Petito was 21 weeks pregnant, she went in for a simple and common anatomy scan of her baby.“When she got really quiet and excused herself,” Petito said about a routine appointment. The technician who performed the ultrasound returned with the doctor who said there were some major problems, Petito was sent to the hospital where she would remain on bed rest until she went into labor. Petito gave birth to River at 24 weeks, weighing 1 pound, 7 ounces. River was transferred to the NICU.“They warn you it's a roller coaster and they try to prepare you but you’re not really prepared for the ups and downs,” Petito said.That roller coaster is how they describe the NICU.“Terrifying, stressful and, I mean, we lived on edge,” Petito said. “You almost feel paranoid because you’re so worried about her compromised immune system, comprised lungs. Kind of like we’re all living now, but no one else is joining you in it.”Neonatologist Dr. Melinda Elliott said no one expects, prepares or plans for a NICU stay.“Nobody plans to meet me, nobody plans to meet the doctor who specializes in sick babies,” Elliott said.She said parents should not focus on all of the machines and equipment that surround your newborn.“The best thing you can do is turn the other way and focus on your baby,” Elliott said. “Just look at your baby because that baby is your baby no matter how small or how sick. You’re the only parent that baby has.”Elliott said the pandemic has stripped the visitor policy. Usually, there's only one parent allowed in at a time. While that's hard for already stressed families to manage, she reminds parents to focus on the importance of nutrition and to continue to advocate for your baby.“Probably the biggest piece of advice is just ask questions, keep asking,” Elliott said. “If you don’t get an answer you like, ask again and find somebody else to ask. You deserve to understand what’s going on with your baby:”Now, after 129 days in the NICU, that once tiny little baby is 3 years old, and likes to discuss her favorite color, pink, and all things Paw Patrol. Petito said she got through the NICU by doing her own research, being her own advocate, fighting for what her baby needs and by being honest with herself.“It’s OK to fall apart sometimes,” Petito said. “Parenthood is not what you envision when your child is not able to come home with you and everything has been blown up and so it’s okay if you need to cry and fall apart and pick yourself back up and go to the NICU.”The Petitos have now given River a sibling. Fern is happy and healthy and didn't need the NICU. And while it was never an easy roller coaster ride, they say it made River the strongest little fighter they know. 2987

As President Donald Trump and Republicans attempt to reverse the results of last week’s presidential election in Pennsylvania, a significant case often cited by Trump’s supporters has lost steam.The House Oversight Committee, led by Democratic Congresswoman Carolyn Maloney, announced that Richard Hopkins has “recanted” his claim of election fraud in Erie County, Pennsylvania. Hopkins had previously accused fellow USPS employees of changing the date of ballots submitted after the election. 501

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