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Hot weather can increase the risk of natural disasters like droughts and wildfires, now, there is evidence extreme heat can increase harmful chemicals in the air.A study published recently in Science Advances looked at asphalt under different temperature conditions.“A main finding is that asphalt-related products emit substantial and diverse mixtures of organic compounds into the air, with a strong dependence on temperature and other environmental conditions,” says Peeyush Khare, a Yale chemical and environmental engineer and the lead author of the study, in a statement.The researchers took real-world samples of fresh road asphalt and put them in a controlled furnace with purified air. They heated the samples to temperatures between 104 and 392 degrees Fahrenheit, and measured the chemical components in the air.Total emissions nearly doubled when temperatures went from 104 to 140 degrees. At 104 degrees, 94 percent of the emissions measured were hydrocarbons.The group also exposed the asphalt samples to replicated solar heat, including UVA and UVB wavelengths, and found the rate of emission of potentially harmful chemicals increased. Showing that not only heat, but also solar radiation contributed to asphalt producing air pollution.Paved surfaces and roofs make up approximately 45% and 20% of surfaces in U.S. cities, respectively.Asphalt can be quite a bit hotter than the air around it, getting about 40 to 60 degrees warmer than the recorded air temperature.The researchers concluded that while policies and regulations have been put in place about car emissions and other forms of air pollution, asphalt should not be overlooked as a contributor.“It's another important non-combustion source of emissions that contributes to SOA (secondary organic aerosol) production, among a class of sources that scientists in the field are actively working to constrain better,” Drew Gentner, associate professor of chemical & environmental engineering, said. 1983

Hawaiian authorities are urging sightseers to stay away as Leilani Estates residents return to check on their neighborhood, which is threatened by lava and toxic gases emerging from fissures in the subdivision.Big Island's Kilauea volcano erupted Thursday, spewing molten rock and high levels of sulfur dioxide.Cracks emerged in the volcano's East Rift Zone -- an area of fissures miles away from the volcano's summit. All residents of Leilani Estates, a community of about 1,700 people near Big Island's eastern edge, and nearby Lanipuna Gardens were ordered to evacuate. 580

Goldman Sachs' chief economist says if masks were required across the country, it could save the U.S. economy from a 5% loss.According to Forbes and CNBC, Jan Hatzius said in a note to clients that a nationwide mask requirement would prevent the spread of COVID-19 and prevent the need for further lockdown restrictions."We find that face masks are associated with significantly better coronavirus outcomes," Hatzius said. "Our baseline estimate is that a national mandate could raise the percentage of people who wear masks by 15 [percentage points] and cut the daily growth rate of confirmed cases by 1.0 [percentage point] to 0.6%. These calculations imply that a face mask mandate could potentially substitute for lockdowns that would otherwise subtract nearly 5% from GDP."According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis, the U.S. GDP totaled about .54 trillion in the First Quarter of 2020. According to Hatzius' analysis, not instituting a national mask requirement would cost the U.S. economy just over trillion.Several studies show that a mask or facial covering limits the wearer from spreading airborne droplets when speaking, sneezing or coughing. The coronavirus can live outside the body in these droplets for several hours and, in turn, infect other people — even before the person who spread the droplets has exhibited symptoms of COVID-19.Earlier this year, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued guidance that strongly recommended all Americans over the age of 2 wear masks in public, particularly in situations that would make social distancing impossible. However, it's stopped short of requiring masks.The CDC also says those who have trouble breathing should not wear a mask if it puts the wearers' health at risk.President Donald Trump has left individual states to issue mask requirements as they see fit, but has notably chafed at wearing face coverings during public appearances. He has also declined to require masks at his indoor rallies.About one-third of states across the country currently require masks when in public. Forty-six states require masks in certain instances. Presumptive Democratic Presidential Nominee Joe Biden has said he would make masks a requirement for the remainder of the pandemic should he be elected president. 2298

GUATAY (CNS) - The spread of a five-acre brush fire, sparked by a car crash, was stopped Sunday, Cal Fire said. The small fire, caused by a traffic collision on Highway 79, began at 11 a.m. near the Green Valley Campground in eastern San Diego County near Descanso, Traffic was closed in both directions of Highway 79. The California Highway Patrol escorted traffic through the area. At 12:30 p.m., Cal Fire said crews would remain on the scene into late afternoon to mop up and contain the fire. No injuries were reported in the car crash. 548

ommit to do everything we can to make sure cats get the care they need during the pandemic, and to rebuild the capacity of care including Trap-Neuter-Return and other important programs as soon as possible," said Robinson.Alley Cat Allies is encouraging people to take a pledge on GlobalCatDay.org, declaring that all cats have the right to live their lives, that humane and nonlethal programs are the best approach for cat populations, and that action is required so that no more cats' lives are lost.Supporters can also engage with the #GlobalCatDay hashtag on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. 1673

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