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WASHINGTON, Aug. 18 (Xinhua) -- Black scientists were significantly less likely than their white counterparts to receive research funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), according to an analysis of data from 2000 to 2006.University of Kansas Professor of Economics Donna Ginther was the lead author on the study commissioned by the NIH, which will appear Friday in journal Science.The researchers found a 10 percentage point gap in research funding -- even after taking into consideration demographics, education and training, employer characteristics, NIH experience and research productivity. For example, for every 100 grants submitted to NIH, 30 grants from white applicants were funded, compared to 20 grants for black applicants.Applications for NIH funding go through peer review that considers the significance, innovation and approach of grant applications, the investigator(s) and the research environment. About half of the applications are determined to be worth scoring. Among those scored, budgets and NIH Institutes priorities determine which applications are funded. Priorities can vary by year and by Institute.The study found that applications from black researchers were less likely to be scored and on average had worse scores. After controlling for the score of the grant, there were no race or ethnicity differences in funding.Applicants self-identify race, ethnicity and gender, but that information is not available during the peer review. However, biographical facts that are included in the review materials can provide clues to the identity of the applicants.The research suggests it is possible that cumulative advantage may explain the funding differences."Small differences in access to research resources and mentoring during training or at the beginning of a career may accumulate to become large between-group differences," the paper says.Additionally, the paper suggests further research is needed to determine why black researchers are less likely to be funded.NIH Director Francis Collins and Principal Deputy Director Lawrence Tabak call the findings unacceptable and commit to immediate action by the NIH."NIH commissioned this study because we want to learn more about the challenges facing the scientific community and address them head on. The results of this study are disturbing and disheartening, and we are committed to taking action," said Collins in an accompanying commentary. "The strength of the U.S. scientific enterprise depends upon our ability to recruit and retain the brightest minds, regardless of race or ethnicity. This study shows that we still have a long way to go."NIH initiated the study in 2008 to determine if researchers of different races and ethnicities with similar research records and affiliations had similar likelihoods of being awarded a new NIH research project grant.

SAN FRANCISCO, June 22 (Xinhua) -- Apple Inc. has been awarded a long sought-after patent for touch screen functionality on portable devices, a set of exclusive rights expected to play into its current litigation against its counterparts in the mobile device market, U.S. media reported on Wednesday."A computer-implemented method, for use in conjunction with a portable multifunction device with a touch screen display, comprises displaying a portion of page content, including a frame displaying a portion of frame content and also including other content of the page, on the touch screen display," the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office patent abstract reads.Apple filed for the patent in December, 2007.Apple's patent essentially gives it ownership of the capacitive multitouch interface the company pioneered with its iPhone, on- line computer magazine PCMag quoted a source who has been involved in intellectual property litigation on similar matters as saying.The latest patent could produce a new round of lawsuits over the now-ubiquitous multitouch interfaces used in smartphones made by the likes of HTC, Samsung, Motorola, Research in Motion, Nokia, and others that run operating systems similar in nature to Apple's iOS, like Google's Android, said the patent expert.Apple has not immediately responded to request for comment on whether it will use the latest patent against competitors.Apple is currently involved in several patent-related battles with other companies. Nokia sued Apple in October 2009 for allegedly infringing patents the Finnish phone maker owns related to wireless handsets.Apple countersued Nokia in December 2009, accusing Nokia of infringing 13 Apple patents related to the iPhone. Nokia lodged a complaint later with the U.S. International Trade Commission, charging Apple of infringing seven Nokia patents "in virtually all of its mobile phones, portable music players and computers."Last Monday, Nokia said Apple had agreed to pay the Finnish company a license fee to settle all patent litigation between the two. Industry watchers said Nokia is likely to get around 608 million U.S. dollars from Apple.This April, Apple filed a lawsuit against Samsung, alleging that the Korean consumer electronics company has violated Apple's intellectual property in the design of its mobile devices, such as iPhone and iPad.Samsung later sued Apple separately in Asia, Europe and the United States, accusing Apple of infringing Samsung's 10 patents related to mobile phones.

BEIJING, May 30 (Xinhuanet) -- Chronic diseases, including heart disease, stroke, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes, are the leading cause of mortality in China, representing 85 percent of all deaths, said a senior health official.Kong Lingzhi, deputy director of the disease prevention and control bureau under the Ministry of Health, made the remarks on Saturday at the Forum of Prevention and Control of Chronic Disease."China is facing a great challenge from chronic diseases, which has a serious impact on both the economy and society," said Kong.Each year, about 3.7 million people die before they reach 60 because of chronic diseases. There are currently 200 million hypertension patients and 90 million diabetics in China, official statistics show.To address the challenge, "the government is now drafting an inter-ministerial roadmap for chronic disease intervention, which will set targets, define responsibilities and distribute guidelines for the prevention and control of chronic diseases," she said.The initiative aims to strengthen national and global monitoring and surveillance; scale up the implementation of evidence-based measures to reduce risk factors, such as tobacco use, an unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and harmful alcohol use; and improve access to cost-effective healthcare to prevent complications, disabilities and premature death.But more importantly, the roadmap will help gain attention and support for preventing and controlling chronic diseases and place it high on government working agendas, Kong explained.The government has focused more on addressing instant health crises up to now and policy and funding support for chronic disease control and prevention was very limited, admitted Mao Qun'an, spokesman of the ministry.Given that chronic disease control requires a systematic approach, tasks such as public health education, training for medical workers (especially the grassroots ones) and policies encouraging doctors' involvement need to be carried out, he said.The ultimate goal is to prevent people from getting ill rather than treating diseases, he added.Lei Zhenglong, deputy director of the disease prevention and control bureau, said that to enhance the capacity of medical workers was now the top priority for the initiative.At present, effective disease prevention work usually contradicts the financial interests of clinical doctors, analysts said.A respiratory disease doctor surnamed He with the Peking University People's Hospital said that he came under pressure from the hospital authorities when the number of inpatients declined due to his efforts to inform his patients about chronic disease prevention.

SAN FRANCISCO, July 29 (Xinhua) -- Apple has ousted Nokia as the world's largest smartphone maker as global mobile phone market grew more than 11.3 percent in the second quarter of 2011, according to two separate market research studies.After becoming the largest smartphone vendor in terms of revenue and profits, Apple has become the world's largest smartphone vendor by volume with 18.5 percent market share, said the latest research from Strategy Analytics released on Friday.The Cupertino, California-based company sold 20.3 million iPhones in the second quarter,up 142 percent compared with the same period a year earlier.Samsung's shipments of 19.2 million units grew a huge 520 percent year over year, accounting for 17.5 percent global smartphone market share in the second quarter of 2011.Apple and Samsung overtook long-time volume leader Nokia for the two spots. The Finnish mobile phone giant accounted for 15.2 percent of global smartphone market share in the last quarter, which is less than half of what it was just one year earlier.In the second quarter of 2010, Nokia was the No.1 smartphone maker by volume in the world with 38.1 percent of market share. The industry is now waiting Nokia's pending transition to Windows Phone 7.According to a separate report by International Data Corporation (IDC) released on Thursday, the worldwide mobile phone market grew by 11.3 percent year over year in the second quarter of 2011 despite a decline of the feature phone market for the first time in almost two years.The feature phone market was down by 4 percent in the last quarter, said the IDC Worldwide Mobile Phone Tracker report. It noted that the decline in shipments was mainly in economically mature regions, such as the United States, Japan and Western Europe, as users making rapid transition to smartphones.The shrinking feature phone market had a great impact on some of the world's largest suppliers of mobile phones, such as Nokia, which is losing share in the feature phone category to low-cost suppliers, said the report.For the overall market, global mobile phone vendors shipped 365. 4 million units in the second quarter, compared to 328.4 million units in the same period last year, with Nokia still holding the top spot with a market share of 24.2 percent, followed by Samsung, LG Electronics, Apple and ZTE.But the 11.3 percent growth was lower than IDC's forecast for the quarter and also below the 16.8 percent growth in the first quarter of 2011.IDC said the feature phone forecast isn't expected to be any rosier in the future and the shipment growth of feature phones won 't exceed 1.1 percent in the coming years.

LOS ANGELES, July 5 (Xinhua) -- NASA's Juno spacecraft is 30 days away before its first launch window opens, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) announced on Tuesday."One month from today, our first launch window opens at 11:34 a. m. EDT (8:34 a.m. PDT) and lasts 69 minutes," said Jan Chodas, Juno project manager from NASA's JPL in Pasadena, Los Angeles."Our primary launch period is 22 days long, and so if weather or other issues come up on Aug. 5, we have 21 more days to get Juno flying. Once we get Juno into space, it's a five-year cruise to Jupiter.""The launch window is the length of time allotted every day for an attempt to launch the spacecraft," said Chodas. "The launch period is the period of time in days when everything is in the right place to get your mission off to the right start."For a mission like Juno, getting everything in the right place includes considering the size of the rocket and spacecraft, where our home planet -- and in particular Juno's launch pad -- is pointed at any moment, and its location in space relative to other celestial objects like Juno's final target, Jupiter.Juno is scheduled to launch aboard a United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket from pad 41-C at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida.The solar-powered spacecraft will orbit Jupiter's poles 33 times to find out more about the gas giant's origins, structure, atmosphere and magnetosphere and investigate the existence of a solid planetary core.JPL manages the Juno mission for the principal investigator, Scott Bolton, of Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio.The Juno mission is part of the New Frontiers Program managed at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alaska. Lockheed Martin Space Systems, Denver, built the spacecraft.

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