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With news of two highly effective COVID-19 vaccines on the horizon, health officials and scientists are giving us new insight into how we could gain herd immunity."If we think of the population as a single group of people with all similar risks and susceptibilities and behaviors, we need 60% of people to be immune, meaning that not only they don’t get sick, but also they don't pass on the virus to other people," says Dr. Stuart Ray, an infectious disease professor and herd immunity expert at Johns Hopkins University.Dr. Ray says achieving herd immunity with the help of a COVID-19 vaccine would mean enough people would either get the vaccine or already have recovered from the virus and be immune to help stop the spread of the virus."It's a little bit like this notion that if you’re going to pass on a message from a lot of people in a group, they have to speak the same language. And the more people don't speak the language, the harder it's going to be to pass that message and there’s a threshold at which the message just gets stopped," says Dr. Ray.Still, it would take a certain number of people to get the vaccine and have that immunity last in order to reach herd immunity. Stanford University's Dr. Bali Pulendran hopes that we can achieve herd immunity, even though there are a certain number of people who are still hesitant to take the vaccine."I think we should remember that a vaccine that is 95% effective is only effective if the majority of people in a population take it. If only half the population or only 60% of the population take it, then we are unlikely to have achieved the level of herd immunity that you need for curbing the disease," says Dr. Pulendran.And if the new COVID-19 vaccine requires two doses, how crucial will it be to make sure people receive that second round of immunization?Asked whether follow up will be a concern, Dr. Ray says, "I think it is a possible concern. We’re going to do a lot of learning. So, one of the things we’ve learned is that some vaccines we thought you needed multiple doses, one dose works pretty well."Doctors say research will be ongoing on the vaccine and the virus itself to ensure people will be protected as much as possible, because so many are hopeful for an end to COVID-19. 2268

With five months to go until the November election, a unique group of voters could play a pivotal rule in deciding the next president: felons. THE ISSUEA Florida judge recently ruled felons, who have left prison, should not be required to pay fines before they are allowed to vote. Last year, Florida's governor signed a law making it a requirement to vote again. The judge referred to it as a “pay-to-vote system."Florida's governor is appealing the ruling. The issue of what voting rights felons have varies across the country and depends on where the felon resides. Some states, like Maine, allow felons to vote while incarcerated. In the majority of states, felons are automatically allowed to vote after they leave prison. In Iowa, felons aren't allowed to vote at all. Meanwhile in Virginia, their constitution bans felons from voting, but the governor has been using his authority to allow nonviolent felons to vote if they fill out a form.IMPACT ON ELECTIONIt's estimated there are around 1 million potential Florida voters impacted by the legal ruling. Given Florida's swing state status, that is a lot of new voters potentially up for grabs. Florida has 29 electoral college votes. President Donald Trump beat Hillary Clinton by just 112,000 votes in 2016. While the ruling is being appealed, it's unclear if it will be taken up by the Supreme Court before November's election. "I think there is certainly a movement to give people second chances, to let them rejoin the electorate," Julie Ebenstein, an ACLU lawyer who helped argue the case, said. Ebenstein believes this could impact other states in encouraging legal challenges. While Democratic leaders, for the most part, have taken steps to allow more felons to vote in recent years, it is unclear if it helps their party when it comes to elections. A Vox study found felons participate in elections at low rates and traditionally do not favor one party or another in large numbers. FELONS REACT"It's about 50-50 down the line inside," said Barbara Barrick, a Virginia felon, about the political affiliation of those who have served time. Barrick is following the Florida case because she believes felons should be treated equally regardless of the state in which they live. Barrick received her voting rights back in 2018 after the governor of Virginia issued a special order. "When I voted for the first time last November, I felt so real. I put my little sticker on. I was prancing around. I actually cried," Barrick said. 2501

With a mask covering his face and his fingers playing a disinfected piano, musician Purnell Steen and his band, Le Jazz Machine, are back to doing what they love: playing music in front of a live audience, but now from a regulated distance.“It is a new learning experience for all us,” Steen said.After being shut down for months due to coronavirus concerns, Steen is back on his home stage at Dazzle in downtown Denver, one of the top 100 jazz bars in the world.“For the entire month of June, we did as much as much revenue as we used to do on a good Saturday,” said Matt Ruff, Dazzle general manager.Ruff says new safety guidelines that allow live music venues like his to operate are impacting his bottom line.“Capacity went from 50 to 100 people,” he said. “But it’s still 6-foot distancing between tables and the closest table to the stage has to be 25 feet away from the stage.”Though he’s thankful to reopen, Ruff is also questioning some of those safety measures, like no longer allowing wind instruments to be played on stage.“I think that’s based on faulty information,” he said. "People think that horns project something, but the science is just not there.”Some scientists, however, believe those brass instruments could hit a sour note when it comes to health.“You’re blowing from the lungs, so they are respiratory droplets and that’s the primary means by which this virus is transmitted,” said Sheryl Zajdowicz, Ph.D., a biology professor at Metropolitan State University of Denver.This infectious disease specialist says while live music could be good for the soul, social distancing could be even better for one’s health.“When you’re at a music venue, you’re kind of up against each other,” she said. “It’s going to be very challenging to limit that from happening.”That’s where Live Nation comes in.This entertainment group is now promoting “Live from the Drive-In,” a new live music experience where people can watch and listen to top artists from their own individual tailgate zones at outdoor concerts across the country.Back at Dazzle, fans say live music is what they need during this pandemic.And while the new normal on stage could be confining for artists, they believe live music will help calm emotions as the virus moves towards a crescendo.“If we can bring a few moments of joy to somebody than we have performed our mission,” Steen said. 2376

With a total of six adopted and foster children, Keri Penland’s family is an exercise in planning and patience.“Trying to do school with them has been insane,” she said.All of her kids are school-aged; some have learning disabilities. When the coronavirus pandemic hit, they--along with tens of millions of other students across the country--became part of a nationwide experiment in remote learning.Her verdict?“I don't know how anybody is doing this, to be honest,” Penland said. “It's not possible.”And it turns out, she's not alone.“We found that remote learning is really failing our most vulnerable learners,” said Justin Ruben, who is with the nonprofit “ParentsTogether.” The group recently conducted a survey of more than 1,500 families across the country to see how remote learning was going.Among the findings:When compared to a family making 0,000 a year, lower-income families--making ,000 or less-- are ten times more likely to have children doing little to no remote learning.Those families are also five times more likely to attend a school not offering distance learning materials at all and 13 percent of them didn’t even have a computer device or internet access.Yet, the numbers were even worse for families of children with special needs, who usually get individualized support at school. Out of those families, 40 percent said that with remote learning, they were receiving no support at all.“A huge chunk of students are being left behind by remote learning,” Ruben said.ParentsTogether wants the federal government to step in with 5 billion more in funding for education, especially since the coronavirus pandemic slashed tax revenues for local and state budgets and, in turn, education programs.“Schools are making budgets right now and kids are falling behind right now, and schools are making plans for the fall right now,” Ruben said. “And so, there's this surreal lack of urgency in Washington, D.C., and there’s literally like a whole generation of vulnerable kids is being allowed to languish.”Back at Penland’s house, it’s been an unusual ending to the school year.“I'll tell you, if school doesn't start again, the kids are gonna be way, way behind,” she said. “It's a different time than we've ever experienced.”Given everything that happened with schools and the pandemic, experts have some suggestions for how to keep kids engaged and learning over the summer.Keep some semblance of structure. A visual schedule that everyone can see will help and make it easier for you and your kids to get back into the swing of things when summer ends.Read to your children or encourage them to read, write or draw--anything that engages their minds, as long as it does not involve a computer or phone screen.Outdoor hikes, walks or scavenger hunts can help kids get exercise and keep them engaged in discovering new things.Make sure your kids get enough sleep and proper nutrition, to keep them in top shape and ready for when it’s time to return to school. 2998

We've all experienced someone speeding through our neighborhood. But would drivers actually slow down if the city were to lower the speed limit?According to a new study by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, it would. The study was done on the streets of Boston, and it found that lowering the default speed limit from 30 to 25 reduced the odds of a vehicle going over 35 miles per hour by about 30 percent.The study also found the odds of exceeding 30 mph fell by over 8 percent, and the odds someone would exceed 25 mph fell by almost 3 percent.The study did not examine how the lower speed limits affected crashes, but the institute plans to study that in their next phase.The authors of the study also say that the number of deaths related to speeding were actually higher on roads where the speed limit is 35 mph or lower, than it is on roadways where cars are going much faster. 900

来源：资阳报