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WASHINGTON, May 11 (Xinhua) -- Johns Hopkins University researchers have demonstrated that human liver cells derived from adult cells coaxed into an embryonic state can engraft and begin regenerating liver tissue in mice with chronic liver damage.The work, published Wednesday in the journal Science Translational Medicine, suggests that liver cells derived from so- called "induced-pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)" could one day be used as an alternative to liver transplant in patients with serious liver diseases, bypassing long waiting lists for organs and concerns about immune system rejection of donated tissue."Our findings provide a foundation for producing functional liver cells for patients who suffer liver diseases and are in need of transplantation," says Yoon-Young Jang, assistant professor of oncology at the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center. "iPSC-derived liver cells not only can be generated in large amounts, but also can be tailored to each patient, preventing immune-rejection problems associated with liver transplants from unmatched donors or embryonic stem cells." A microsopic view shows human embryonic stem cells in various stages of differentiation into liver cells in this photo taken at Stanford University and released by the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, March 9, 2009iPSCs are made from adult cells that have been genetically reprogrammed to revert to an embryonic stem cell-like state, with the ability to transform into different cell types. Human iPSCs can be generated from various tissues, including skin, blood and liver cells.Although the liver can regenerate in the body, end-stage liver failure caused by diseases like cirrhosis and cancers eventually destroy the liver's regenerative ability, Jang says. Currently, the only option for those patients is to receive a liver organ or liver cell transplant, a supply problem given the severe shortage of donor liver tissue for transplantation. In addition, mature liver cells and adult liver stem cells are difficult to isolate or grow in the laboratory, she says. By contrast, iPSCs can be made from a tiny amount of many kinds of tissue; and the embryonic stem- like iPSCs can grow in laboratory cultures indefinitely.For the study, Jang and colleagues generated human iPSCs from a variety of adult human cells, including liver cells, fibroblasts ( connective tissue cells), bone marrow stem cells and skin cells. They found that though the iPSCs overall were molecularly similar to each other and to embryonic stem cells, they retained a distinct molecular "signature" inherited from the cell of origin.

SAN FRANCISCO, May 11 (Xinhua) -- Google on Wednesday introduced a series of notebook computers based on its Chrome operating system, stepping up its competition against Microsoft.Google unveiled the "Chromebook" at its annual developers conference in San Francisco, saying that the new devices, made by Acer and Samsung Electronics, will go on sale on June 15 in the United States and six European countries.Google said Chromebooks can boot in 8 seconds and its security system makes it require no virus protection. Applications, documents and setting will be stored in "the cloud," which enables users to have same experience after logging into another Chromebook. The system will get updated automatically with no update prompts.Acer's Chromebook will start at 349 U.S. dollars and Samsung's product will be priced at 429 dollars for its WiFi model and 499 dollars for 3G connectivity. The devices will be available online in the United States through Amazon.com and Best Buy's online store.Google on Wednesday also announced Chromebooks for Business and Education, a subscription service including Chromebooks and a cloud management console to remotely administer and manage users, devices applications and policies.Google said it will directly handle the business and education orders. The monthly fee will be 28 dollars per user for businesses and 20 dollars per user for educational customers.The Chrome operating system, announced in July 2009, is designed to work exclusively with web applications, with its work based on Google's Chrome web browser.On Wednesday's conference, Google said the Chrome web browser now has 160 million active users, compared to 70 million last May.

SINGAPORE, April 21 (Xinhua) -- Singapore's first locally-built satellite has been officially launched from a space center in India after a four-year delay, Singapore media reported on Thursday.The 105 kg fridge-size X-Sat was one of three riding on Isro's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C16) from the Satish Dhawan Space Center in India on Wednesday. It will be used to take photographs to measure soil erosion and environmental changes on earth, local daily Straits Times said.The launch at 12:42 p.m. on Wednesday was the 18th successful lift-off since the maiden flight of PSLV in 1994.The satellite was designed and built by Singapore's Nanyang Technological University and Singapore's defense research body DSO National Laboratories.Now in orbit, the satellite is establishing communication contact with the ground control in Nanyang Technological University, a process that is likely to take up to a week.The launch capped more than nine years of hard work by scientists and engineers. It also makes Singapore one of the first countries in Southeast Asia to have its own satellite in space. Previous satellite launched by Singapore involved construction efforts by foreign companies.

LIMA, May 5 (Xinhua) -- A total of 53.5 million people in Latin America and the Caribbean suffer from hunger or malnutrition, experts said at an international forum here Thursday.Juan Garcia, coordinator of the 5th work-group meeting of the Latin American and Caribbean Initiative Without Hunger, said the figure has not increased since 1990.Experts and officials from 13 countries gathered to discuss the challenges facing regional food security and advances that have been made, hoping to make cooperative efforts to eradicate hunger and malnutrition by the year 2025.Carcia said people affected most across the continent are still those living in rural areas as well as African descendants and indigenous people who suffer from "exclusion and inequality."The main cause of undernutrition is not lack of food-production capacity, but access to food, Carcia said.Six countries, Brazil, Ecuador, Venezuela, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua, have approved food security laws with nine more in the process of doing so. The laws are considered as a way to ensure that local agricultural products are primarily used to feed the countries' own populations and not used for export.

WASHINGTON, March 24 (Xinhua) -- The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on Thursday approved the use of Zostavax, a live attenuated virus vaccine, for the prevention of shingles in individuals 50 to 59 years of age. Zostavax is already approved for use in individuals 60 years of age and older.In the United States shingles affects approximately 200,000 healthy people between the ages of 50 and 59, per year. It is a disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus, which is a virus in the herpes family and the same virus that causes chickenpox.After an attack of chickenpox, the virus lies dormant in certain nerves in the body. For reasons that are not fully understood, the virus can reappear in the form of shingles, more commonly in people with weakened immune systems and with aging."The likelihood of shingles increases with age. The availability of Zostavax to a younger age group provides an additional opportunity to prevent this often painful and debilitating disease" said Karen Midthun, director of FDA's Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, in a statement. ( Shingles is characterized by a rash of blisters, which generally develop in a band on one side of the body and can cause severe pain that may last for weeks, and in some people, for months or years after the episode.Approval was based on a multicenter study conducted in the United States and four other countries in approximately 22,000 people who were 50-59 years of age. Half received Zostavax and half received a placebo. Study participants were then monitored for at least one year to see if they developed shingles. Compared with placebo, Zostavax reduced the risk of developing shingles by approximately 70 percent.The most common side effects observed in the study were redness, pain and swelling at the site of injection, and headache, according to the FDA.Zostavax, manufactured by Merck & Co., was originally approved on May 26, 2006, for the prevention of shingles in individuals 60 years of age and older.