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WASHINGTON, Nov. 16 (Xinhua) -- Data from NASA's Galileo spacecraft have provided scientists evidence of what appears to be a body of liquid water, equal in volume to the North American Great Lakes, beneath the icy surface of Jupiter's moon, Europa, the U.S. space agency announced Wednesday.The data suggest there is significant exchange between Europa's icy shell and the ocean beneath. This information could bolster arguments that Europa's global subsurface ocean represents a potential habitat for life elsewhere in our solar system. The findings will be published Thursday in the scientific journal Nature.Europa, which is slightly smaller than Earth's moon, is believed to have a large ocean of salty water deep beneath its frozen crust. Galileo spacecraft, launched by the space shuttle Atlantis in 1989, studied Jupiter, which is the most massive planet in the solar system, and some of its many moons.Pictures of it sent back by Galileo point to a tortured surface of cracks and jumbled ice. Seeking to understand how such weird topography evolved in a place with such dim sunlight, scientists believe that the answer lies in similar processes on Earth.Their model suggests that Europa's ice shell is about 10 kilometers thick and within it are giant pockets of water, lying at depths as shallow as three kilometers. Warm water from these sub-surface lakes wells up in plumes, causing the ice to become brittle, crack and then collapse. The ice turnover would be a plus for the prospects for life, as it would transfer energy and nutrients between the sub-glacial lake and the surface."One opinion in the scientific community has been if the ice shell is thick, that's bad for biology. That might mean the surface isn't communicating with the underlying ocean," said Britney Schmidt, lead author of the paper and postdoctoral fellow at the Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin. " Now, we see evidence that it's a thick ice shell that can mix vigorously and new evidence for giant shallow lakes. That could make Europa and its ocean more habitable.""The data opens up some compelling possibilities," said Mary Voytek, director of NASA's Astrobiology Program. "However, scientists worldwide will want to take a close look at this analysis and review the data before we can fully appreciate the implication of these results."

SAN FRANCISCO, Oct. 10 (Xinhua) -- Apple announced on Monday that pre-orders of its iPhone 4S have topped 1 million in a single day, surpassing the previous single-day pre-order record of the company's smartphone.The iPhone 4S pre-orders surpassed 1 million in the first 24 hours and the previous single day pre-order record held by iPhone 4 is 600,000, according to Apple."We are blown away with the incredible customer response to iPhone 4S," Philip Schiller, Apple's senior vice president of worldwide product marketing, said in a statement."The first day pre-orders for iPhone 4S have been the most for any new product that Apple has ever launched and we are thrilled that customers love iPhone 4S as much as we do," he added.U.S., newly installed Chief Executive Officer Tim Cook takes stage to give a general introduction of Apple's products, Oct. 4, 2011. Apple Inc. last Tuesday unveils iPhone 4S, the much-anticipated latest generation of iPhone.The iPhone 4S, which looks the same as the iPhone 4 but has major hardware upgrade inside, is available for pre-order last Friday and set to first arrive in stores in the United States this Friday.So far, iPhone 4, which, according to Apple, has been sold more than the first three generations of iPhones combined, is Apple's best selling iPhone.The pre-order numbers are good news for Apple as the initial introduction of iPhone 4S last Tuesday has not lived up to the anticipation of some investors and analysts, and spurred a new wave of concerns about whether the company could keep its innovation momentum in the wake of the passing of its co-founder Steve Jobs last Wednesday.

WASHINGTON, Nov. 18 (Xinhua) -- The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on Friday approved Erwinaze to treat patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), who have developed an allergy to E. coli derived asparaginase and pegapargase chemotherapy drugs used to treat ALL.Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is a type of cancer in which the bone marrow makes too many lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. White blood cells help the body fight infection and are formed in the bone marrow.Erwinaze is injected directly into the muscle three times a week and works by breaking down one of the body's protein building blocks (the amino acid, asparagine) that is present in the blood, and is necessary for the growth of all cells. Leukemia cells cannot produce this protein building block. When a patient is treated with Erwinaze the leukemia cells die. Normal human cells are able to make enough asparagine for their own needs through biosynthesis and will not be affected by treatment with Erwinaze."The approval of Erwinaze underscores the FDA's commitment to the approval of drugs for conditions with limited patient populations with unmet medical needs using novel trial endpoints," said Richard Pazdur, director of the Office of Hematology and Oncology Products in the FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research.Side effects associated with Erwinaze treatment include serious allergic reactions, inflammation of the pancreas, high blood levels of liver enzymes, blood clotting, bleeding, nausea, vomiting and high blood sugar.

BEIJING, Oct. 11 (Xinhuanet) -- An experimental drug that can remove amyloid plaques from the brains of Alzheimer's patients is being developed by Swiss Roche Holding AG in a small early-stage study, according to a report published in the Archives of Neurology on Monday.Researchers suspect the build-up of such plaques may be a cause of the memory robbing disease, although that theory has yet to be definitively proved. Gantenerumab, a biotech drug designed to bind to amyloid plaques in the brain and remove them, is being targeted at the early stages of Alzheimer's with the hope it can slow progression of the disease while patients are still able to function.The Phase I study of 16 Alzheimer's patients tested gantenerumab at two doses against a placebo over six months of treatment.The Roche drug led to a dose-dependent reduction of brain amyloid, while amyloid load increased in patients receiving a placebo, the report said.The next step will be to investigate whether removal of brain amyloid translates into clinical benefit for patients at doses of the experimental drug that are well tolerated and safe, the report said.Much larger trials and further study will be needed to fully understand how gantenerumab works and whether it can stave off Alzheimer's, said the report.Roche is approaching the disease far earlier because amyloid accumulates for 15 years before dementi.

BEIJING, Nov. 28 (Xinhuanet) -- A majority of the emergency hospitalizations for bad events related to medication use in old U.S. adults stem from four common medications, according to a new study in the New England Journal of Medicine Monday.The study was conducted by researchers from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of U.S.There are nearly 100,000 emergency hospitalizations for adverse drug events in older Americans, says researcher Daniel S. Budnitz, MD, MPH, director of the CDC's Medication Safety Program.And the four types of medication -- two for diabetes and two blood-thinning agents -- account for two-thirds of those drug-related emergency hospitalizations. They most often cited: warfarin (Coumadin, Jantoven); insulin; antiplatelet drugs such as aspirin and clopidogrel (Plavix); oral hypoglycemic agents."Both blood thinners and diabetes medicines are critical drugs that can be lifesaving," Budnitz says.However, he says that ''these are medications that you do need to pay attention to," being sure the dose and timing are correct, among other measures.