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WASHINGTON, Oct. 6 (Xinhua) -- The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced Thursday a joint, large-scale, national study of tobacco users to monitor and assess the behavioral and health impacts of new government tobacco regulations.The initiative is the first large-scale NIH/FDA collaboration on tobacco regulatory research since the U.S. Congress granted FDA the authority to regulate tobacco products in an act in 2009. Scientists at NIH's National Institute on Drug Abuse and the FDA's Center for Tobacco Products will coordinate the effort."The launch of this study signals a major milestone in addressing one of the most significant public health burdens of the 21st century," said FDA Commissioner Margaret Hamburg in a statement. "The results will strengthen FDA's ability to fulfill our mission to make tobacco-related death and disease part of America's past and will further guide us in targeting the most effective actions to decrease the huge toll of tobacco use on our nation's health."Investigators will follow more than 40,000 users of tobacco- product and those at risk for tobacco use ages 12 and older. They will examine what makes people susceptible to tobacco use; evaluate use patterns and resulting health problems; study patterns of tobacco cessation and relapse in the era of tobacco regulation; evaluate the effects of regulatory changes on risk perceptions and other tobacco-related attitudes; and assess differences in attitudes, behaviors and key health outcomes in racial-ethnic, gender, and age subgroups."We are pleased to collaborate with the FDA on this study that may provide us with a better understanding of the impact of product regulation on tobacco prevention and cessation," said NIH Director Francis Collins.While smoking rates have dropped significantly since their peak in the 1960s, nearly 70 million Americans ages 12 and older were current users of tobacco products in 2010. As a result, death and disease caused by tobacco use is still a tremendous public health burden. Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of disease, disability, and death in the United States. Cigarette smoking results in more than 443,000 premature deaths in the United States each year -- more than alcohol, illegal drug use, homicide, suicide, car accidents, and AIDS combined.

BEIJING, Nov. 22 (Xinhuanet) -- Women aged 40 to 49 are not recommended for routine mammography screening for breast cancer, said the new guidelines issued by the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care in media reports Tuesday.The new guidelines are purposed to direct doctors on using mammography, MRI scans, clinical breast exams and breast self-exams. In principle, they pointed out, there is no need for women to take clinical breast exams and breast self examination if there are no signals for breast cancer.Below are the main points from the guidelines which need special attention from women with reasonable doubt on the matter:Women aged 40-49 who have lower risk for cancer should not take routine mammography because of the higher risk for overdiagnosis, overtreatment and false-positives;Women aged 50 to 69 years and aged 70 to 74 years should go for routine screening every two to three years;And there should be no routine clinical breast exams by doctors and no breast self-exams to screen for breast cancer.Dr. Marcello Tonelli, Chair of the Task Force and Associate Professor at the University of Alberta, remarked: "The main effect of screening is to produce patients with breast cancer from among healthy women who would have remained free of breast disease for the rest of their lives had they not undergone screening.""The best method we have to reduce the risk of breast cancer is to stop the screening program," he added, "This could reduce the risk by one-third in the screened age group, as the level of overdiagnosis in countries with organized screening programs is about 50 percent."

BEIJING, Dec. 28 (Xinhuanet) -- China started to run its own satellite positioning system, Beidou, on Tuesday as the country climbed the global tech ladder and challenged the monopoly of the West. Beidou, or Big Dipper, the domestic version of the US Global Positioning System (GPS), started providing navigation, positioning and timing data on a pilot basis to China and the neighboring area for free on Tuesday, Ran Chengqi, director of the China Satellite Navigation Office, said. The system, with 10 orbiting satellites, covers an area from Australia in the south to Russia in the north. Signals can reach the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region in the west and the Pacific Ocean in the east, Ran said. With six more satellites to be launched next year, the system will cover a wider area and eventually the entire globe by 2020 with a constellation of 35 satellites, he said. The accuracy of the positioning service will also improve as more satellites orbit. During the trial run Beidou can offer positioning to within 25 meters but when the system is officially launched next year accuracy will be enhanced to within 10 meters, he said. With the system operational China is the third member of an elite group, along with the US and Russia, to develop a satellite navigation system. The US spent 20 years and more than billion on the GPS. Completed in 1994, the system has 24 navigation satellites and is widely used around the world. Beidou has its own unique features, Ran said. "It not only tells users where they are and what time it is but also allows users to tell others the information through short messages," Ran said, adding that this feature is being considered by other systems. Russia's Glonass system achieved a 24-satellite constellation in 1996 but succumbed to funding problems. The rebuilding of the Glonass system is almost finished and Russian media reported that the system resumed service earlier this month. The European Union and the European Space Agency are building the Galileo satellite navigation system. Japan and India also intend to build independent regional navigation systems. "Countries build their own systems because owning an independent satellite navigation system is important to economic development and national security," said Pang Zhihao, deputy editor-in-chief of the monthly publication Space International. There have long been concerns that the US might take its dominant GPS offline in certain international emergencies. Ran said that the Beidou system will be "helpful" to national defense. An "independent and controllable" satellite navigation system can guarantee national economic development as well as scientific and industrial strength, he said. China started to reduce its reliance on the GPS in 2000, when it sent an experimental pair of positioning satellites into orbit. But Ran stressed that Beidou is "built for the world", as the compatibility of various systems enhances reliability for users. "If you only use GPS there will be blind spots. But from demonstrations I saw recently, receivers that are compatible with Beidou will overcome these problems," he said. He encouraged enterprises at home and abroad to join the research and development of application terminals compatible with Beidou. The office put a test version of the system's Interface Control Document online on Tuesday, which is a technical document vital for the manufacturing and development of receivers and chips. The prospects for the country's satellite navigation industry look bright, experts said. Analysts estimated that around 2020 the industry's output will reach 0 billion globally, including 400 billion yuan ( billion) to 500 billion yuan from China. According to the 2011 Report on Application of Geosaptial Information in China released on Monday, the number of satellite navigation application terminals in China has grown from less than 100,000 in 2000 to more than 10 million in 2009. The number is expected to reach 340 million by 2015. An insider said a compatible receiver for car use costs 1,600 yuan to 3,000 yuan, higher than a GPS receiver. "Chips supporting both GPS and Beidou systems have been developed, and terminals have been produced. There are no technical hurdles for the industry," said Han Shaowei, CEO of Beijing-based Unicore Communications Inc, a major navigation chip and core component provider. Beidou application terminals have been put into use in vehicles, such as government cars in Guangdong province. Ran said that private terminal makers in Guangdong are testing their receivers on the road, and the products seem stable. "The price of the compatible terminals is expected to be slashed next year," he said.

BEIJING, Oct. 11 (Xinhuanet) -- An experimental drug that can remove amyloid plaques from the brains of Alzheimer's patients is being developed by Swiss Roche Holding AG in a small early-stage study, according to a report published in the Archives of Neurology on Monday.Researchers suspect the build-up of such plaques may be a cause of the memory robbing disease, although that theory has yet to be definitively proved. Gantenerumab, a biotech drug designed to bind to amyloid plaques in the brain and remove them, is being targeted at the early stages of Alzheimer's with the hope it can slow progression of the disease while patients are still able to function.The Phase I study of 16 Alzheimer's patients tested gantenerumab at two doses against a placebo over six months of treatment.The Roche drug led to a dose-dependent reduction of brain amyloid, while amyloid load increased in patients receiving a placebo, the report said.The next step will be to investigate whether removal of brain amyloid translates into clinical benefit for patients at doses of the experimental drug that are well tolerated and safe, the report said.Much larger trials and further study will be needed to fully understand how gantenerumab works and whether it can stave off Alzheimer's, said the report.Roche is approaching the disease far earlier because amyloid accumulates for 15 years before dementi.

SAN FRANCISCO, Oct. 27 (Xinhua) -- Hewlett-Packard(HP) on Thursday announced that it will keep its personal systems group ( PSG) and continue to sell personal computers."HP objectively evaluated the strategic, financial and operational impact of spinning off PSG. It's clear after our analysis that keeping PSG within HP is right for customers and partners, right for shareholders, and right for employees," Meg Whitman, HP president and chief executive officer, said in a statement.On Aug. 18, former CEO Leo Apotheker said HP was considering spin off the PC business, which drove shares of the company to plunge 20 percent the following day.HP then said its board of directors has authorized the exploration of strategic alternatives for the PSG, and it will consider a broad range of options that may include a full or partial separation of the PC business through a spin-off or other transaction.According to HP, the review so far revealed the depth of the integration of its PC division that has occurred across the company's key operations including supply chain and procurement.In addition, it indicated that the division has made significant contributions to HP's solutions portfolio and overall brand value."Finally, it also showed that the cost to recreate these in a standalone company outweighed any benefits of separation," HP said in a press release announcing the latest decision.HP is now the world's largest PC-maker with revenues of the PC division totaling 40.7 billion U.S. dollars for fiscal year 2010, according to figures from the company.A recent report from market research firm Gartner found that in the third quarter of 2011, HP's PC shipments grew 5.3 percent year- on-year, faster than the industry average of 3.2 percent, and its share in global PC market actually increased slightly to 17.7 percent.Though the PC division has a lower margin, the position and scale as the world's No. 1 PC-vendor gives HP advantage to negotiate with other suppliers and helps its other businesses, analysts said.The announcement to keep the PC unit is seen as the first major move of HP under new CEO Whitman, who took the job just over a month ago after replacing Apotheker on Sept. 22.

来源：资阳报