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WASHINGTON, Jan. 1 (Xinhua) -- Twin U.S. spacecraft to study the moon from crust to core put themselves into the lunar orbit on New Year's Eve and New Year's Day, the country's space agency said.The second Gravity Recovery And Interior Laboratory, or GRAIL-B, reached its lunar orbit at 5:43 p.m. EST (2243 GMT) on Sunday, according to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).The GRAIL-A started orbiting the moon at 5 p.m. (2200 GMT) Saturday.The insertion maneuvers placed the spacecraft into a near-polar, elliptical orbit with an orbital period of approximately 11.5 hours, NASA said.Over the coming weeks, the GRAIL team will execute a series of burns with each spacecraft to reduce their orbital period to just under two hours. At the start of the science phase in March 2012, the twin GRAILs will be in a near-polar, near-circular orbit with an altitude of about 55 km."NASA greets the new year with a new mission of exploration," Administrator Charles Bolden said in a statement. "The twin GRAIL spacecraft will vastly expand our knowledge of our moon and the evolution of our own planet."During GRAIL's science mission, the two probes will transmit radio signals precisely defining the distance between them. As they fly over areas of greater and lesser gravity caused by visible features such as mountains, craters and masses hidden beneath the lunar surface, the distance between the twin spacecraft will change slightly.Scientists will translate this information into a high-resolution map of the moon's gravitational field.The data will allow scientists to understand what goes on below the lunar surface and increase knowledge of how Earth and its rocky neighbors in the inner solar system developed into the diverse worlds we see today.

SAN FRANCISCO, Nov. 14 (Xinhua) -- Google is running a secret research lab in the San Francisco Bay Area, where the tech giant invests to experiment and invent what may be world-changing technologies for the future, U.S. media reported on Monday.According to The New York Times, at the lab dubbed Google X, engineers are working at some 100 projects from robots, smart refrigerators to Internet-enabled dinner plates and a "space elevator," a proposed non-rocket space launch structure.An unnamed Google engineer familiar with the lab told the newspaper that it was run as mysteriously as the CIA with two officers, a nondescript one for logistics on the company's Mountain View campus and one for robots in a secret location.Scientists working at the lab include many roboticists and electrical engineers hired from Microsoft, Nokia labs, Stanford, MIT, Carnegie Mellon and New York University. Google's co-founder Sergey Brin is said to be "deeply involved" in Google X.The lab is reportedly headed by Sebastian Thrun, one of the world's top robotics and artificial intelligence experts. He teaches computer science at Stanford University and invented the world's first self-driving car.A Google spokeswoman would not confirm the existence of the lab, but said Google likes to invest in speculative projects."While the possibilities are incredibly exciting, please do keep in mind that the sums involved are very small by comparison to the investments we make in our core businesses," she told The New York Times.

ULAN BATOR, Dec. 1 (Xinhua) -- Mongolia will continue to curb the spread of HIV and strive to maintain a low prevalence of the AIDS epidemic, a government official said Thursday.Gansukh Battulga, an official with the National Committee on AIDS, told Xinhua that Mongolia is currently an HIV low-prevalence country with a total of 99 people, 15 of whom have died, infected with the virus that causes AIDS."Among the 99 HIV infected cases, 81 percent are men, and the remaining 19 percent are women," Battulga said. "Among the male infected cases, 83 percent belong to MSM (men who have sex with men) group while sex workers account for 54 percent of the female infected cases."The official said the government has launched a variety of programs and tasked the National Committee on AIDS to coordinate all organizations in fighting the epidemic.According to a National Strategy Plan for 2010-2015, Mongolia will strive to maintain its current low HIV-prevalence rate of below 5 percent in the most-at-risk population.

WASHINGTON, Nov. 10 (Xinhua) -- Using its near-infrared vision to peer nine billion years back in time, NASA's Hubble Space Telescope has uncovered an extraordinary population of young dwarf galaxies brimming with star formation, the U.S. space agency announced on Thursday.While dwarf galaxies represent the most common type of galaxy in the universe, the rapid star-birth observed in these newly- found examples may force astronomers to reassess their understanding of the ways in which galaxies form.The galaxies are a hundred times less massive, on average, than the Milky Way, yet they churn out stars at such a furious pace that their stellar content would double in just 10 million years. By comparison, the Milky Way would take a thousand times longer to double its star population.The universe is estimated to be 13.7 billion years old, and these newly-discovered galaxies are extreme even for the young universe -- when most galaxies were forming stars at higher rates than they are today. Astronomers using Hubble's instruments could spot the galaxies because the radiation from young, hot stars has caused the oxygen in the gas surrounding them to light up like a bright neon sign."The galaxies have been there all along, but up until recently astronomers have been able only to survey tiny patches of sky at the sensitivities necessary to detect them," said Arjen van der Wel of the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy in Germany, lead author of a paper on the results to be published online on Nov. 14 in The Astrophysical Journal. "We weren't looking specifically for these galaxies, but they stood out because of their unusual colors. "The observations were part of the Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey (CANDELS), an ambitious three- year study to analyze the most distant galaxies in the universe. CANDELS is the first census of dwarf galaxies at such an early epoch."In addition to the images, Hubble has captured spectra that show us the oxygen in a handful of galaxies and confirmed their extreme star-forming nature," said co-author Amber Straughn at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. "Spectra are like fingerprints. They tell us the galaxies' chemical composition."The CANDELS team uncovered the 69 young dwarf galaxies in near- infrared images taken with Hubble's Wide Field Camera 3 and Advanced Camera for Surveys.The observations suggest that the newly-discovered galaxies were very common nine billion years ago. However, it is a mystery why the newly-found dwarf galaxies were making batches of stars at such a high rate.

BEIJING, Oct. 11 (Xinhuanet) -- Scientists have discovered that blind optimism is related to brain's frontal lobes which are associated with processing errors, according to a British study published Monday in the journal Nature Neuroscience.Scientists at the University College of London scanned brains of volunteers who were asked to estimate their personal likelihood of involving in negative events, like a divorce or cancer,  before and after given the average probability of these events occurring.They found that the volunteers who estimated lower probability (or the more optimistic ones) than the given one raised their estimates a little bit later while those estimated higher probability altered their estimates much more.Through the brain scanner, scientists saw there was less activity in the volunteers' frontal regions when the information given was worse than expected while more activity when the information was better than expected. It suggested that the more optimistic people neglected the negative predictions."The more optimistic we are, the less likely we are to be influenced by negative information about the future," said Dr. Tali Sharot, lead author of the study. He added being optimistic clearly had some benefits, "but it can also mean that we are less likely to take precautionary action, such as practising safe sex or saving for retirement. So why don't we learn from cautionary information?"

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