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Last year's seasonal flu vaccine effectiveness was just 42%, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated. Even if vaccinated, then, people had inadequate protection against the flu.This limited effectiveness was due to a mutation that occurred in the influenza A (H3N2) vaccine strain, according to a new study published Monday in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. This vaccine mutation resulted from an egg-based manufacturing process commonly used today.This year's flu vaccine may also be imperfect, said Scott Hensley, author of the new study and an associate professor at the University of Pennsylvania. Add to that, he said, "this could end up being a pretty bad flu season."Still, he said, "our best protection" against severe illness is getting vaccinated with the flu shot we have today.Finding answersEach year before flu season begins, a vaccine is made based on whichever virus strains are expected to circulate. The selected seed strains are distributed to vaccine manufacturers which then produce their formulations and make them available to health care professionals before the season begins.During the 2015-16 season, vaccine effectiveness was 47%, while for the previous 2014-15 season, effectiveness was just 19%, according to the CDC. While the overall effectiveness of last season's vaccine was 42%, it was only 34% effective against the H3N2 viruses that dominated the season.Vaccine effectiveness varies based on how well it matches the circulating virus strains. Sometimes, a vaccine corresponds to the predominant virus yet its effectiveness is still not what scientists would expect. Trying to understand which element of the vaccine failed is difficult.Hensley and his team began their investigation of last year's vaccine by looking at the seed strains that had been distributed to vaccine manufacturers. These seed strains had been propagated in chicken eggs, the common method used today."The sequences of these viruses are available and when we did an alignment to see what the sequence of these vaccines were compared to the viruses that were circulating, it became very obvious that there was this mutation," said Hensley.To see the effects of the mutation, the team next looked at how the immune systems of both animals and humans who'd been inoculated with an egg-based flu vaccine responded to the actual circulating viruses.The antibodies -- immune system proteins that fight invading pathogens -- elicited in both animals and humans failed to bind to and neutralize the flu viruses, Hensley and his colleagues found.While most vaccines in the United States are made in chicken eggs, a small fraction are produced in insects or mammalian cells, Hensley explained. (These are given to people with egg allergies.) He and his team compared immune responses in animals and humans who had received a cell-based vaccine -- in this case, Flublok made by Protein Sciences Corporation."And we found both animals and humans receiving that (cell-based) vaccine had superior antibody responses that could bind and neutralize these circulating H3N2 strains," said Hensley.Making a better vaccine"Most of the infrastructure to produce vaccines in the US is based on chicken eggs," said Hensley. There are good reasons for this, including the fact that egg-based propagation allows manufacturers to quickly produce large quantities of vaccine.While egg adaptations have always been a problem, beginning last year it had become a "huge problem," said Hensley. "As soon as you try to grow this virus in eggs, within a few hours, the virus will acquire this kind of mutation."This is not an easy problem to fix, he said. To produce vaccines in cells means "a very expensive process for companies to just change their overall manufacturing process," Hensley explained. "You can't really do that on the drop of a dime."Meanwhile, the same seed strains used last year are being used this year to make the current vaccine, said Hensley."This year may be especially difficult because, in addition to this egg adaptive mutation which was present last year, there's indication that the H3N2 viruses are actually evolving," said Hensley.Not only will the vaccine be a mismatch with the actual circulating viruses due to egg adaptation but the vaccine could also be a mismatch due to unexpected viral evolution.What kind of flu season is ahead?It's too early to speculate which viruses will become dominant in the United States over the course of the coming flu season, said Hensley, "but it's starting to look like it will be H3 viruses." H3 viruses are influenza A viruses."There are the A group of viruses and the B groups," said Dr. William Schaffner, an infectious disease specialist at Vanderbilt University. "The A groups are the ones that usually are responsible for large epidemics ... whereas the B flu strains usually smolder along. They always cause illness -- it can be just as severe as the A strains -- but they don't produce large outbreaks."Though last year's vaccine was mostly ineffective in thwarting the flu, it still prevented nearly 30% of hospitalizations that might have resulted, according to CDC calculations. For older adults, that rate was even higher, at 37%. Plus, the vaccine reduced outpatient visits by 42% last season.The CDC advises everyone 6 months and older to get a flu shot, as only injectable flu vaccines are recommended. More than 130 million doses of flu vaccine have been distributed so far this year and flu activity is still low across the nation.It's still early days, but experts believe we may be facing a tough season, and not only because of vaccine concerns.The reason?Australia had a tough flu season this year, with a total of 215,280 laboratory-confirmed cases and 504 flu-associated deaths reported to its National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System as of October 13, government data show. According to a surveillance system report, adults over the age of 80 and children between 5 and 9 years old have been most affected."In general, we get in our season what the Southern Hemisphere got in the season immediately preceding us," Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the United States' National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, said in an interview last month.An "intelligent guess," therefore, is that the Northern Hemisphere, like the Southern Hemisphere, will likely battle more cases of the viral infection, he said, though "with influenza, it is never 100%.""If H3N2 viruses dominate the US flu season again this year, vaccine effectiveness will likely be moderate to low again," said Hensley.Still, he said, everyone should get their annual flu shot."The other components of the vaccine, like H1N1 and influenza B, will likely provide excellent protection," said Hensley. "The vaccine will also likely prevent severe disease and death caused by H3N2 viruses, even though this component of the vaccine is mismatched."  6969

LAKEWOOD, Colo. – Cereal lovers may want to take a good look at the expiration dates on their groceries after this story.A Lakewood, Colorado family bought a box of Quaker 100% Natural Granola cereal from a Littleton Walmart on Monday. It was the Quaker cereal with oats, honey and raisins.It wasn’t until the Carelse’s sat down for a serving that any of them realized something was terribly wrong.“It looks like February 22, 1997,” Anthea Carelse said, pointing to the box’s printed “best by” date. The box appears to date back 21 years.TRENDING: Florida Senate OKs bill for year-round Daylight Saving Time“I had about two bites, and that was it,” she continued.Her husband, Josiah Carelse ate a full bowl.“I just started eating and thinking, 'it just tastes funny. It must be OK,'” he said.Of course, Anthea told him, “I was like, ‘Josiah, you’re going to be really sick.’”Fortunately, he said he's feeling fine and has plans to return the expired box back to Walmart.To put this into perspective here’s a very short list of what life was like back in 1997: 1082

LA MESA, Calif. (KGTV) -- A new report from La Mesa Police show that crime in the city has decreased dramatically over the last year.According to East County Magazine, most individual crime categories are at a minimum of five-year lows with overall trends around the levels seen by the city in the 1960’s, marking 50-year lows.Crime from the fourth quarter of 2016 to the fourth quarter of 2017 decreased by more than 27 percent.MAP: Track crime in your neighborhoodViolent crimes have also seen a significant decrease since 2016. According to a report, La Mesa saw a more than 18 percent decrease in 2017 compared to the same time in 2016.Other crimes that dropped off were robberies, with a decrease of more than 10 percent, and property crimes, with a decrease of more than 28 percent.La Mesa Police Captain Matt Nichols said having the budget to be fully staffed has enabled more officers to be in the field.More outreach within the community has also led to more tips and an emphasis on attacking issues before they grow are also helping keep crime low.Another factor in the city’s success is a focus on the 911 dispatch which is run by the department. In the last six months of 2017, 100 percent of all calls were answered within 15 seconds. 1265

Latinos make up a third of eligible voters going into the 2020 Presidential Election. A recent Pew Research study lists the Supreme Court as one of Latino voters’ top concerns.Christine Rodriguez, a Latina attorney set to be sworn into the Supreme Court Bar in January, says the concern comes from the lack representation. Rodriguez recalls dreaming of becoming an attorney as a 9-year-old girl but not having anyone to mentor her.“No one I knew was an attorney,” said Rodriguez.It wasn’t until her senior year of high school, during an educational trip to Washington, D.C., that she found her inspiration.“I was like, ‘Oh yeah! This is it! This is what I want to do,’” said Rodriguez of the moment she was able to observe Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg and the rest of the Supreme Court Justices as they heard a case.Rodriguez even kept the notes she took while observing. Near Justice Antonin Scalia’s name, she wrote a note describing him as talkative and funny. Next to Ginsburg’s name, Rodriguez wrote, “smart and serious.”Twenty years after this experience, Rodriguez is months away from getting sworn into the Supreme Court Bar, allowing her to argue cases before the Supreme Court. During that ceremony, she was set to meet Ginsburg.“I wanted to thank her for her tireless work as an attorney and as a woman and pioneer in this field,” said Rodriguez.As a Latina, Rodriguez says she has some concerns over some key decisions the Supreme Court will make in the coming term and who will be a part of the decision making process. One example she points to is health care.“Health care through the Affordable Care Act is an issue that will be up before the Supreme Court,” said Rodriguez.Opponents of Obamacare hope the court decides to suspend the program. President Trump has said he will replace Obamacare.While Rodriguez is concern with some specific issues the Supreme Court will hear, other voters say we need to start with a diverse Supreme Court. The Latino vote has never been as powerful as it is now. According to a Pew Research study, there are 32 million eligible Latino voters.Mari Carmen Puente Castallano is one of them.“I don’t care what side you vote, but vote. Make it known we are here,” Castallano said regarding voter turnout.Rodriguez says the Latino community has been ignored by politicians for too long, but now that the number of voters is significant enough, the community needs to double down and show up at the ballot box.“The more we vote the more politicians have to listen,” Rodriguez said. 2545

LAKESIDE, Calif. (KGTV) — An East County contractor made a huge investment in the lives and well-being of a pair of employees and their special needs son by gifting them a custom van.The gift for 14-year-old Hayden Welsh, who has spina bifida, and his family was presented by A.M. Ortega Construction in Lakeside. The van is retro-fitted with adaptive equipment, a power ramp, and a low floor for the family, designed to help the family and Hayden get around easier as he grows up."Yeah it makes a world of difference between lifting him, putting him in a chair worrying about him trying to transfer, this thing he's ready to roll in and go," Hayden's mom, Ashley, said. "It was 100% shocking. It's going to make our lives so much easier. I've been looking at vans but financially I can't make that jump."Company owner Maurice Ortega said the gift couldn't go to a more deserving kid."Hayden's had so many surgeries, and he comes flying through the door a few days after surgery, and he pops in my office and he goes, 'what up Mo?,'" said Ortega. "He wants to know what your life's all about. I have never heard that young man complain about anything."After the shock of seeing the van, Hayden spent time playing will all of the van's new features. 1256