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New research suggests that antibodies the immune system makes to fight the new coronavirus may only last a few months in people with mild illness, but that doesn’t mean protection also is gone or that it won’t be possible to develop an effective vaccine.“Infection with this coronavirus does not necessarily generate lifetime immunity,” but antibodies are only part of the story, said Dr. Buddy Creech, an infectious disease specialist at Vanderbilt University. He had no role in the work, published Tuesday in the New England Journal of Medicine.The immune system remembers how to make fresh antibodies if needed and other parts of it also can mount an attack, he said.Antibodies are proteins that white blood cells called B cells make to bind to the virus and help eliminate it. The earliest ones are fairly crude but as infection goes on, the immune system becomes trained to focus its attack and to make more precise antibodies.Dr. Otto Yang and others at the University of California, Los Angeles, measured these more precise antibodies in 30 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and four housemates presumed to have the disease. Their average age was 43 and most had mild symptoms.Researchers found that the antibodies had a half-life of 73 days, which means that half of them would be gone after that much time. It dovetails with a previous report from China also suggesting antibodies quickly fade.The results “call for caution regarding antibody-based ‘immunity passports,’ herd immunity, and perhaps vaccine durability,” the California authors write.That’s true, Creech said, but other parts of the immune system also help confer protection. Besides churning out antibodies, B cells develop a memory so they know how to do that again if needed.“They would get called into action very quickly when there’s a new exposure to the virus. It’s as if they lie dormant, just waiting,” he said.Other white blood cells called T cells also are better able to attack the virus the next time they see it, Creech said.Although circulating antibodies may not last long, what we need to know is if and how people remake antibodies if exposed to the coronavirus again and if they protect against another infection, Alison Criss, an immunologist at the University of Virginia, wrote in an email. “We also need to know if there is a protective T cell response” that reappears.Vaccines, which provoke the immune system to make antibodies, might give longer-lasting protection than natural infection because they use purified versions of what stimulates that response, she noted.Creech agreed.“This shouldn’t dissuade us from pursuing a vaccine,” he said. “Antibodies are only a part of the story.”___Marilynn Marchione can be followed on Twitter at http://twitter.com/MMarchioneAP___The Associated Press Health and Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content. 2967

Nebraska just became the first state to execute an inmate using a powerful opioid called fentanyl. The synthetic painkiller has helped drive the national opioid crisis.The execution is attracting big attention, because executions across the country have been delayed as drug companies file lawsuits to stop states from using their drugs in executions.However, Nebraska found a way to get around the issue—by using fentanyl in a mixture."Drug companies don't want to be associated with state executions,” explains Adam Graves, a college professor and ethics expert. “They don't want their products to be used for death."More and more states might start using fentanyl in the deadly cocktail used to put inmates to death. And that means states that have had to put executions on hold, might be able to resume.So why fentanyl? The drug is easy to get."In this particular case, you have to ask yourself by using that, are we not also opening up scars and rubbing salt in the wounds of families who have lost members to the opioid crisis?" says Graves.Fentanyl is also a major part of the opioid epidemic, and has been linked to 30,000 overdose deaths last year, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1226

NEW YORK (AP) — President Donald Trump's son Eric is willing to comply with a subpoena to testify in a New York investigation into the family's businesses, but only after the November election. Trump lawyers argued in a Thursday court filing that Eric Trump's "extreme travel schedule" related to his father's re-election campaign prevented earlier testifying in Attorney General Letitia James' civil probe. They said they also want "to avoid the use of his deposition attendance for political purposes." According to NBC News, James issued a statement on Thursday saying that "no one is above the law."A message seeking comment was left with James' office. James, a Democrat, went to court last month to compel Eric Trump and other business associates to testify and turn over documents as part of an investigation into whether Trump's company lied about asset values in order to get loans or tax benefits.Trump agreed to testify in July, but backed out two days prior, NBC News reported. 997

NEW ORLEANS (AP) — New Orleans police say a 10-year-old child has been killed and two teenagers wounded by gunfire. Police Chief Shaun Ferguson says police responding to shots being fired Monday afternoon found the three victims. A girl described as about 15 or 16 and a boy, age 13 were wounded. The 10-year-old died from a gunshot wound to the head. What led to the shooting is unknown. During a news conference, Ferguson said he is "pleading" for anyone in the community with information on the shootings to come forward. Ferguson said police so far have learned the victims were standing along a street in New Orleans' 7th Ward when they were approached by people who began shooting at them.According to the Kansas City Star, Kansas City Chiefs safety Tyrann Mathieu will pay for the victim's funeral.Per Nola.com, the child will be buried on July 31, which would have been his birthday. 899

NEW YORK (AP) — Fans have remembered John Lennon on the 40th anniversary of the former Beatle's death with flowers, candles and songs in New York's Central Park. In the Strawberry Fields section steps from where he was shot, musicians played Tuesday. Photos of Lennon and other memorabilia ringed the inlaid "Imagine" mosaic. Lennon's wife, Yoko Ono, posted on social media an image of Lennon's bloody eyeglasses and listed the number of people she said has been killed by guns in the U.S. since his death. Living bandmates Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr both made posts with images of them in their younger days with Lennon."A sad sad day but remembering my friend John with the great joy he brought to the world. I will always be proud and happy to have known and worked with this incredible Scouser! X love Paul," McCartney tweeted. 843