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WASHINGTON, Dec. 7 (Xinhua) -- Drugs that affect the levels of an important brain protein involved in learning and memory reverse cellular changes in the brain seen during aging, according to an animal study published Wednesday in the Journal of Neuroscience. The findings could one day aid in the development of new drugs that enhance cognitive function in older adults.Aging-related memory loss is associated with the gradual deterioration of the structure and function of synapses (the connections between brain cells) in brain regions critical to learning and memory, such as the hippocampus.Recent studies suggested that histone acetylation, a chemical process that controls whether genes are turned on, affects this process. Specifically, it affects brain cells' ability to alter the strength and structure of their connections for information storage, a process known as synaptic plasticity, which is a cellular signature of memory.In the current study, Cui-Wei Xie, of the University of California, Los Angeles, and colleagues found that compared with younger rats, hippocampi from older rats have less brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) -- a protein that promotes synaptic plasticity -- and less histone acetylation of the Bdnf gene. By treating the hippocampal tissue from older animals with a drug that increased histone acetylation, they were able to restore BDNF production and synaptic plasticity to levels found in younger animals."These findings shed light on why synapses become less efficient and more vulnerable to impairment during aging," said Xie, who led the study. "Such knowledge could help develop new drugs for cognitive aging and aging-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease," she added.

WASHINGTON, Nov. 18 (Xinhua) -- The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on Friday approved Erwinaze to treat patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), who have developed an allergy to E. coli derived asparaginase and pegapargase chemotherapy drugs used to treat ALL.Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is a type of cancer in which the bone marrow makes too many lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. White blood cells help the body fight infection and are formed in the bone marrow.Erwinaze is injected directly into the muscle three times a week and works by breaking down one of the body's protein building blocks (the amino acid, asparagine) that is present in the blood, and is necessary for the growth of all cells. Leukemia cells cannot produce this protein building block. When a patient is treated with Erwinaze the leukemia cells die. Normal human cells are able to make enough asparagine for their own needs through biosynthesis and will not be affected by treatment with Erwinaze."The approval of Erwinaze underscores the FDA's commitment to the approval of drugs for conditions with limited patient populations with unmet medical needs using novel trial endpoints," said Richard Pazdur, director of the Office of Hematology and Oncology Products in the FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research.Side effects associated with Erwinaze treatment include serious allergic reactions, inflammation of the pancreas, high blood levels of liver enzymes, blood clotting, bleeding, nausea, vomiting and high blood sugar.

WASHINGTON, Nov. 8 (Xinhua) -- NASA plans to add an unmanned flight test of the Orion spacecraft in early 2014 to its contract with Lockheed Martin Space Systems for the multipurpose crew vehicle's design, development, test and evaluation, the U.S. space agency announced Tuesday.This test supports the new Space Launch System (SLS) that will take astronauts farther into space than ever before, and provide the cornerstone for America's future human spaceflight efforts."President Obama and Congress have laid out an ambitious space exploration plan, and NASA is moving out quickly to implement it," NASA Associate Administrator for Communications David Weaver said in a statement. "This flight test will provide invaluable data to support the deep space exploration missions this nation is embarking upon."Orion is part of the now defunct Constellation program canceled under President Barack Obama's 2011 budget proposal. Instead Obama urged NASA to work toward sending humans to an asteroid and then on to Mars -- and NASA says it wants to go ahead with that as quickly as possible.This Exploration Flight Test, or EFT-1, will fly two orbits to a high-apogee, with a high-energy re-entry through Earth's atmosphere. Orion will make a water landing and be recovered using operations planned for future human exploration missions. The test mission will be launched from Cape Canaveral to acquire critical re-entry flight performance data and demonstrate early integration capabilities that benefit the Orion, SLS."The entry part of the test will produce data needed to develop a spacecraft capable of surviving speeds greater than 20,000 mph and safely return astronauts from beyond Earth orbit," Associate Administrator for Human Exploration and Operations William Gerstenmaier said. "This test is very important to the detailed design process in terms of the data we expect to receive."

BEIJING, Oct. 20 (Xinhuanet) -- A Teenager's intelligence is not fixed as usually thought. Instead, it can go through swings in a few years, according to a British study reported online in Nature.Teenagers' IQ can rise or fall 20 points over time, researchers from Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging of Kings College, showed in their study.IQ (short for "intelligent quotient") is an gauge of mental capability measured through a series of standardized tests of language skill, spatial ability, arithmetic, memory and reasoning.To get the findings, Cathy Price, senior researcher of the study, and her colleagues tested 33 British teenagers between the ages of 12 to 16 in 2004, who had average IQ scores around 100. Then the teenagers were retested four years later.The researchers found the volunteers' IQ scores went up and down over the four years, with some teenager's scores rising by as many as 20 points, and others' dropping by the same points."That is quite astounding," cheered psychologist Robert Plomin from the same university but not involved in the study. Dr. Price and her colleagues don't know the causes of such fluctuations in the scores they tested, but speculate that learning experiences might account the changes, reported by the Wall Street Journal Today. "We have to be careful not to write off poorer performers at an early stage when in fact their IQ may improve significantly given a few more years," stated Dr. Price cited by the Huffington Post.

BEIJING, Oct. 11 (Xinhuanet) -- Scientists have discovered that blind optimism is related to brain's frontal lobes which are associated with processing errors, according to a British study published Monday in the journal Nature Neuroscience.Scientists at the University College of London scanned brains of volunteers who were asked to estimate their personal likelihood of involving in negative events, like a divorce or cancer,  before and after given the average probability of these events occurring.They found that the volunteers who estimated lower probability (or the more optimistic ones) than the given one raised their estimates a little bit later while those estimated higher probability altered their estimates much more.Through the brain scanner, scientists saw there was less activity in the volunteers' frontal regions when the information given was worse than expected while more activity when the information was better than expected. It suggested that the more optimistic people neglected the negative predictions."The more optimistic we are, the less likely we are to be influenced by negative information about the future," said Dr. Tali Sharot, lead author of the study. He added being optimistic clearly had some benefits, "but it can also mean that we are less likely to take precautionary action, such as practising safe sex or saving for retirement. So why don't we learn from cautionary information?"