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LOS ANGELES, June 5 (Xinhua) -- U.S. researchers have developed two new drugs that can prolong the lives of patients with advanced melanoma, it was announced on Sunday.Research on both drugs was presented at the on-going annual meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology in Chicago, according to HealthDay News.This is the first big news in years for treatment of melanoma, one of the deadliest forms of skin cancer and one that is notoriously difficult to treat, let alone cure, the report said.The first treatment, vemurafenib, inhibits a gene mutation harbored in half of all melanoma patients, but is not yet approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.The other drug, Yervoy (ipilumumab), is an immune system therapy that won approval in March."The March FDA approval of ipilumumab (Yervoy) was the first new drug approval for melanoma in 13 years," said Tim Turnham, executive director of the Melanoma Research Foundation.The two drugs were developed by researchers at Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, the report said."This is really a huge step toward personalized care in melanoma," Dr. Paul Chapman, lead author of the first study and the attending physician in the melanoma/sarcoma service at Memorial Sloan-Kettering, said in a statement. "This (vemurafenib) is the first successful melanoma treatment tailored to patients who carry a specific gene mutation in their tumor, and could eventually become one of only two drugs available that improves overall survival in advanced cancers.""Having two trials that show a benefit in survival in patients with melanoma, both of these in first-line settings -- we weren't here just a few years ago," said Dr. Stephen Hodi, director of the Melanoma Center at Dana Farber Cancer Institute in Boston. "These are huge, paradigm-shifting results for the field."In the vemurafenib trial, sponsored by the drug's makers, researchers randomly assigned 675 patients with advanced, inoperable melanoma to receive either the chemotherapy drug dacarbazine or vemurafenib. Vemurafenib targets the V600E mutation in the BRAF gene.At the three-month mark, patients taking vemurafenib were 63 percent less likely to die and 74 percent less likely to die or see their cancer return, compared to patients taking dacarbazine alone.Few patients had side effects in the vemurafenib group, although some did develop squamous cell carcinoma, a less dangerous form of skin cancer.This is the first drug that has been proven superior to chemotherapy in this group of hard-to-treat patients, the researchers said."There was such a substantial benefit that we recommended that patients cross over," Chapman said at a Sunday news briefing. "It' s unprecedented to report a trial this early. The median follow-up time was three months." Yet the differences between the two groups became evident almost immediately.Dr. Lynn Schuchter, co-moderator of the briefing and division chief of hematology-oncology at Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, said symptoms subsided in some patients almost immediately, enabling them to cut back on pain medication in just 72 hours."The median time to progression with dacarbazine was 1.6 months versus three months with vemurafenib, which is a huge difference," said Chapman.In the second study, about 500 patients were randomly picked to receive Yervoy plus dacarbazine or dacarbazine alone.Those taking both drugs lived a median of 11.2 months compared to 9.1 months for those taking dacarbazine alone. Time to recurrence of disease was about the same for both groups: 2.8 months and 2.6 months, respectively.Almost half of those taking the combination therapy were alive after one year, compared to 36.3 percent in the other group. After two years, the rates were 28.5 percent and 17.9 percent, respectively.By three years out, 20.8 percent of those in the combination group were alive compared with 12.2 percent of those taking chemotherapy alone.This is the first study to combine chemotherapy and immunotherapy both safely and effectively.A study to test vemurafenib in combination with Yervoy has already begun, according to HealthDay News.

SAN FRANCISCO, Sept. 13 (Xinhua) -- Microsoft released on Tuesday a test version of Windows 8 to developers, posing to regain ground of the tablet market dominated by Apple and Google.At its developer-focused BUILD conference held in Anaheim, California, the software giant handed out new Samsung tablet computers with a test version of the code-named "Windows 8," the first detailed preview of the system for developers and people outside Microsoft.Generally expected to be launched in fall 2012, Microsoft did not say when the system will ship or its price.Microsoft Windows President Steven Sinofsky introduces the new tablet running a test version of its touch-enabled Windows 8 at the Build conference in Anaheim, California September 13, 2011Featuring a home page filled with colorful application tiles, the new system boots up in seconds. Microsoft said the system will run on low-power ARM-based chips that power smartphones and tablets. Windows 8 also introduces a new "Metro style" interface, which run full-screen and users can multitask in two at a time."We reimagined Windows," said Steven Sinofsky, president of the Windows and Windows Live Division at Microsoft, in his keynote address to the thousands of developers in attendance. "From the chipset to the user experience, Windows 8 brings a new range of capabilities without compromise."Analysts said the new system is consumer-oriented and intuitive but it will take time to see whether it is an "iPad killer."As professionals and consumers began to spend more time on smartphones and tablets, Microsoft has not got a significant bite of the market, losing ground to Apple's iPad and devices running Google's Android system.

WASHINGTON, July 8 (Xinhua) -- U.S. space shuttle Atlantis lifted off on Friday morning from Kennedy Space Center in Florida, on the 135th and final flight in NASA's shuttle program.The shuttle blasted off at about 11:29 a.m. EDT (1529 GMT) on a tower of flame, NASA TV showed.Before taking flight, shuttle Commander Christopher Ferguson saluted all those who contributed over the years to the shuttle program."The shuttle is always going to be a reflection of what a great nation can do when it dares to be bold and commits to follow through,'' he said. "We're not ending the journey today ... we're completing a chapter of a journey that will never end.''In this photo released by NASA, space shuttle Atlantis lifts off from NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, the United States, July 8, 2011. U.S. space shuttle Atlantis lifted off at about 11:29 a.m. EDT (1529 GMT) on Friday from Kennedy Space Center in Florida, on the 135th and final flight in NASA's shuttle program.Atlantis's primary payload is an Italian-built cargo hauler named Raffaello which is loaded with 8,640 pounds (3,919 kgs) of food, clothing, supplies and science equipment to sustain space station operations after the shuttles are retired.Only four astronauts take to the skies because there is no shuttle available for a rescue flight should anything go wrong. Normally NASA sends six or seven astronauts on space shuttle flights -- with the last four-person shuttle crew launched 28 years ago.But Atlantis' status as the final flight means there is no other space shuttle on standby and the U.S. would have to call on Russia for any rescue operation. The Russian Soyuz capsules hold just three astronauts and at least one must be Russian, so two crew members would have to fly up and bring home the Americans from the International Space Station one at a time.The crew will also return an ammonia pump that recently failed on the station. Engineers want to understand why the pump failed and improve designs for future spacecraft. One spacewalk is planned during Atlantis' mission, though it will be conducted by NASA's two resident space station astronauts, rather than the shuttle crew.It is the 33rd voyage for Atlantis. Its return to the earth later this month will mark the end of the 30-year shuttle program.Atlantis will be the last shuttle to be retired. Discovery was first in March, followed by Endeavour at the beginning of June. Each shuttle will head to a museum.When the U.S. space shuttle program officially ends later this year, the Russian space program's Soyuz capsule will be the only method for transporting astronauts to and from the station.Space shuttles have made great contributions to U.S. space exploration. They allowed astronauts to not only launch satellites, but to grab and repair them and put them back into service. Most remarkably, they allowed NASA to regularly rejuvenate the Hubble Space Telescope, which for 21 years has produced images that are transforming astronomers' understanding of the universe. With their enormous cargo bays, the shuttles also enabled the United States and its partners to build the International Space Station.However, high costs, risks, policy shift force the U.S. to quit the space shuttle program.NASA originally estimated the program would cost about 90 billion U.S. dollars. However, its actual cost stands at about 200 billion dollars, compared with the 151 billion dollars spent on Apollo which took Americans to the moon in 1969.Seven astronauts perished when Challenger exploded about a minute after launch in 1986. Nearly two decades after the Challenger explosion, a new catastrophe shocked NASA when the shuttle Columbia disintegrated moments before landing in 2003.One out of every 67 flights ended in death. Based on deaths per million miles traveled, the space shuttle is 138 times riskier than a passenger jet.The panel that investigated the 2003 Columbia accident concluded: "It is in the nation's interest to replace the Shuttle as soon as possible.''The Obama administration wants to spur private companies to get into the space taxi business, freeing NASA to focus on deep space exploration and new technology development.During his first-ever Twitter town hall meeting on Wednesday, Obama said NASA needs new technology breakthroughs to revitalize its mission to explore the universe."The shuttle did some extraordinary work in low-orbit experiments, the International Space Station, moving cargo. It was an extraordinary accomplishment. And we're very proud of the work that it did," Obama said. "But now what we need is that next technological breakthrough."

CANBERRA, Sept. 7 (Xinhua) -- A team of Australian and U.S. scientists on Wednesday said they discovered a genetic defect, which can lead to Leigh syndrome, a rare disorder which affects the central nervous syndrome.The scientists tested more than 1000 genes by encoding proteins active in two individuals who suffer from the illness. They used a new technique known as next-generation DNA sequencing to examine the genes.The gene they discovered encodes an enzyme which is found in the mitochondria which are subsets of cells. Without this enzyme the mitochondria do not translate proteins efficiently, and this then causes Leigh syndrome.According to David Thorburn, from the Murdoch Children's Research Institute in Melbourne, the discovery shows the enormous potential of the new technology."These findings demonstrate the ability of sequencing technologies to improve diagnosis," Professor Thorburn said in a statement released on Wednesday."Although it isn't clear in the case of Leigh syndrome whether the precise molecular diagnosis will necessarily lead to therapies, the current findings represent a meaningful service."He added that diagnosis of the disease along with its specific genetic cause can also be informative about the risk a couple has of having another affected child. The diagnostic information can help in decisions about whether and how to pursue alternative means of having children, for instance through the use of donor sperm or eggs.The research team consisted of scientists from Australia's Murdoch Institute as well as the Broad Institute in the U.S.In Leigh syndrome, infants are born apparently healthy only to develop movement and breathing disorders that worsen over time, often leading to death by the age of three. The problem is that the mitochondria responsible for powering their cells cannot keep up with the demand for energy in their developing brains.

BEIJING, Aug. 24 (Xinhua) -- China will prioritize the development of six types of new materials in its new material industry over the next five years, the China Securities Journal said on Wednesday.The report cited an insider, who noted that the country's 12th Five-Year Plan (2011-2015) for the new material industry will come out in September, in which the government will launch key projects to support the development of the six materials.The six materials will be high-strength light alloy, advanced iron and steel, carbon fiber composite, new power battery material, function coated material, and rare earth function material, according to the report.The plan states each of the six sub industries will form a sizable industrial scale, with the industry's total output value to hit trillions of yuan by the end of 2015, and the self-supply rate to reach 70 percent during the period, the report said.Meanwhile, the government will also foster the development of materials in sectors such as green building material and the biomedical industry over the next five years, it added.