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Neanderthals may not have been that different from us, after all.New evidence reveals that they created the world's oldest known cave paintings and even wore seashells as body ornaments. Both behaviors suggest that they thought symbolically and had an artistic sensibility like modern humans. Two studies published Thursday in the journal Science detail the latest findings."Undoubtedly it is showing that Neanderthals were thinking and behaving just like modern humans," Alistair Pike, co-author of the studies and professor of archaeological sciences at the University of Southampton, wrote in an email."We should no longer think of them as a different species, just humans in different places," he said.The new findings of symbolic thinking show that Neanderthals and modern humans were cognitively indistinguishable, the researchers said.Cave paintings and artifacts like painted seashells have long been regarded as the work of early modern humans, who were thought to have more advanced cognitive abilities than Neanderthals. Dating cave paintings can be a difficult process, and unreliable techniques never allowed for the possibility that these could be the work of Neanderthals.Until now, that is. A new technique called Uranium-Thorium dating is less destructive, is more accurate and can go back further in time than other methods. U-Th dating looks at the deposits of carbonate on top of the paint, which contain traces of uranium and thorium that indicate when those deposits formed. That allows the researchers to determine an age for what's under the deposits.The researchers applied this technique to paintings in the La Pasiega, Maltravieso and Ardales caves in Spain, which had never received "robust" dating. The paintings include red and black images of animals, dots, lines, disks and other geometric signs. There also are engravings, hand prints and hand stencils.Those hand stencils are particularly significant, and not just because they represent the hand size of a Neanderthal."A red line, a red dot or even a positive hand print could potentially be made 'accidentally,' " wrote Dirk Hoffmann, lead author of the studies and archaeologist with the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, in an email."Of course, I am sure that this is not the case, since you would still need to bring [in] light and pigment, but one could argue that all you need is some pigment on your hand when you lean against a wall. A hand stencil cannot be explained like that. You have to hold your hand against the wall and the deliberately spray pigment over this. This is why we emphasize the hand stencil."The dating revealed that the cave art was created more than 64,000 years ago -- 20,000 years before modern humans appeared in what is now considered Europe.The shells were found in the Cueva de los Aviones, a sea cave in southeastern Spain. They are unique because they are perforated with holes and colored with red and yellow pigment. Others served as containers for the mineral pigments themselves. The pigments were used on the shells but could have also been used for the cave paintings and even as body paint.The deposit layer containing the shells dated to 115,000 years ago, which is even older than other shells recovered in Africa that were dated to modern humans."The standard archaeological interpretation of such finds is that they are body ornaments," Hoffmann said. "Similar finds were made in Africa or the Levant with similar age. In Africa or the Levant, these were made by modern humans, in Spain Neanderthals made them. So in terms of symbolism, early modern humans and Neanderthals were similar."The researchers are absolutely confident in their dating technique."We have spent 10 years refining the technique and have numerous quality controls," Pike said. "The dates respect the growth axis of the deposits we are dating, the oldest closest to the painting, the youngest at the surface."Once modern humans left Africa and migrated to Europe and other areas, mixing with the Neanderthals would've been inevitable. The researchers believe that the Neanderthals created this artwork on their own, without being influenced by any other population. But it's possible that they exchanged symbolism or that Neanderthals influenced the art and symbolism of modern humans. Modern humans were capable of symbolic behavior, so it "turns the who's copying who debate on its head," Pike said."The idea that culture only evolved with modern humans no longer makes sense," Pike said. Hoffmann suggested that Neanderthals now be referred to as "very close cousins" of modern humans.Is it possible that anyone else may have created the cave paintings?Pike said it is incredibly doubtful that a population of early modern humans migrated to Europe so early without any other evidence to suggest it."We cannot of course rule out that pre-Neanderthal populations made the art," Pike said. "This sounds like a project for the future."Hoffmann, Pike and their colleagues want to use their new dating technique in more caves in Spain, as well as France and Italy -- and anywhere else Neanderthals are known to lived.The findings also raise new questions for researchers."How far back does symbolic behavior go? Can it be traced to the last common ancestor of modern humans and Neanderthals? This is perhaps where we should be looking," Pike said. 5398

NAIROBI, Kenya (AP) -- The world's last male northern white rhino died Monday in Africa, putting the species closer to extinction.The rhino, named "Sudan" died of age-related complications. He was living under armed guard at a preserve in Kenya to keep poachers at bay.Two female northern white rhinos are all that are left of the subspecies of white rhinoceros. 10News has been covering the San Diego Zoo's effort to save the species for the past three years. Biologists will be using genetic material to impregnate the park's southern white rhinos with northern white rhino embryos.  623

Moderna says that it will file for Emergency Use Authorization for its COVID-19 vaccine candidate after a primary efficacy analysis showed it to be 94% effective in preventing the virus.In a press release on Monday, Moderna said that a primary efficacy study of its vaccine candidate showed it to be 94% effective in preventing COVID-19 infection and that no participants who received the vaccine developed a severe case of the virus.According to Moderna's press release, of the 30,000 participants who took part in a Phase 3 trial, 196 have since contracted the virus. Of those participants, only 11 had received the vaccine — the other 185 had received a placebo. Only 30 people who took part in the trial have developed a severe case of the virus, all of whom received a placebo shot.The findings are consistent with efficacy figures released by Moderna just weeks ago. Moderna is the second U.S. company to seek Emergency Use Authorization for a COVID-19 vaccine. Pfizer submitted its application earlier this month.Like Pfizer's vaccine, the Moderna vaccine requires two shots that need to be taken 28 days apart. It also needs to be stored at ultra-cold temperatures before injection.Health experts say it is encouraging that there are multiple COVID-19 vaccine candidates that are nearing authorization, as the public will be less reliant on one vaccine in the unlikely event of safety issues.Experts like Dr. Anthony Fauci have said that there is a chance that some Americans in high-risk populations could begin receiving the vaccine in the coming weeks. However, COVID-19 vaccines won't be available for widespread use until the spring.Moderna's vaccine was funded in part by country singer Dolly Parton, who donated million to COVID-19 research at Vanderbilt University earlier this year. 1810

MURRIETA, Calif. (KGTV) — Border Patrol agents arrested a man Wednesday after more than 70 pounds of cocaine were found inside inside his vehicle.Border Patrol agents stop a suspicious vehicle at about 7 p.m. on Interstate 215 near the Muerrieta Hot Springs exit. A K-9 officer was used to search the vehicle and detected possible narcotics.During the search, agents said they located 27 bundles of cocaine stashed inside the vehicle's front and rear seats and underneath seats.The bundles weighed about 70 pounds, with a street value of about 6,450. The driver, a 32-year-old U.S. citizen, was arrested and turned over to Drug Enforcement Administration.The bust capped off drug seizures totaling about 117 pounds within the last 72 hours, according to Customs and Border Protection.“In the last 72 hours San Diego Sector has seized over 117 pounds of lethal narcotics worth more than ,300,000,” said Chief Patrol Agent Aaron Heitke. “Thankfully these dangerous drugs will not reach our local communities.” 1020

NATIONAL CITY (CNS) - A black BMW spun out and went off southbound Interstate 5 Saturday, with the vehicle catching fire and the driver seen lying on the ground not far away.There was no immediate word on the condition of the driver, but the medical examiner's office was called to the scene, according to a California Highway Patrol incident log.Witnesses told officers the motorist was driving recklessly before the crash, the CHP said.The crash caused traffic to back up on southbound I-5. 500