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WASHINGTON, Dec. 7 (Xinhua) -- Drugs that affect the levels of an important brain protein involved in learning and memory reverse cellular changes in the brain seen during aging, according to an animal study published Wednesday in the Journal of Neuroscience. The findings could one day aid in the development of new drugs that enhance cognitive function in older adults.Aging-related memory loss is associated with the gradual deterioration of the structure and function of synapses (the connections between brain cells) in brain regions critical to learning and memory, such as the hippocampus.Recent studies suggested that histone acetylation, a chemical process that controls whether genes are turned on, affects this process. Specifically, it affects brain cells' ability to alter the strength and structure of their connections for information storage, a process known as synaptic plasticity, which is a cellular signature of memory.In the current study, Cui-Wei Xie, of the University of California, Los Angeles, and colleagues found that compared with younger rats, hippocampi from older rats have less brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) -- a protein that promotes synaptic plasticity -- and less histone acetylation of the Bdnf gene. By treating the hippocampal tissue from older animals with a drug that increased histone acetylation, they were able to restore BDNF production and synaptic plasticity to levels found in younger animals."These findings shed light on why synapses become less efficient and more vulnerable to impairment during aging," said Xie, who led the study. "Such knowledge could help develop new drugs for cognitive aging and aging-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease," she added.

WASHINGTON, Nov. 24 (Xinhua) -- An inexpensive drug that treats Type 2 diabetes has been shown to prevent a number of natural and man-made chemicals from stimulating the growth of breast cancer cells, according to a newly published study by a Michigan State University researcher. The research, led by pediatrics professor James Trosko and colleagues from South Korea's Seoul National University, provides biological evidence for previously reported epidemiological surveys that long-term use of the drug metformin for Type 2 diabetes reduces the risk of diabetes-associated cancers, such as breast cancers.The research appeared online this week in PLoS One.For the study, Trosko and colleagues focused on the concept that cancers originate from adult human stem cells and that there are many natural and man-made chemicals that enhance the growth of breast cancer cells. Using culture dishes, they grew miniature human breast tumors, or mammospheres, that activated a certain stem cell gene. Then the mammospheres were exposed to natural estrogen -- a known growth factor and potential breast tumor promoter -- and man-made chemicals that are known to promote tumors or disrupt the endocrine system.The team found that estrogen and the chemicals caused the mammospheres to increase in numbers and size. However, with metformin added, the numbers and size of the mammospheres were dramatically reduced. While each of the chemicals enhanced growth by different means, metformin seemed to be able to inhibit their stimulated growth in all cases."While future studies are needed to understand the exact mechanism by which metformin works to reduce the growth of breast cancers, this study reveals the need to determine if the drug might be used as a preventive drug and for individuals who have no indication of any existing cancers," Trosko said.

COTABATO, Philippines, Jan. 2 (Xinhua) -- The health authorities declared an outbreak of a deadly rat fever on Monday in the flood-hit areas in the southern Philippines.At least five people were already dead and as many as 200 were diagnosed in the southern city of Cagayan de Oro with leptospirosis, a fatal animal-borne disease that can result in high fever, internal bleeding and organ failure.The latest fatality, an old woman, died late Monday due to complication.Dr. Jaime Bernadas, regional health minister, said they fear the number of patients displaced by typhoon Washi could increase in the coming days.Congressman Rufus Rodriguez has called on people affected by the floods that killed over 1,200 people to avail of the government's vaccination against the deadly disease.The death toll from tropical storm Washi currently stands at 1, 258 people with many still believed missing. Washi brought massive rains, causing flooding in many areas in the Central and Southern Philippines starting last Dec. 16.

SAN FRANCISCO, Nov. 4 (Xinhua) -- Google is mulling a plan to offer paid cable-TV services to consumers, a move that could flare up a new wave of competition in the traditional TV business, U.S. media reported on Friday.According to The Wall Street Journal, the Internet search giant has considered adding video and phone services to a previously announced high-speed Internet service in two U.S. cities.People briefed on the plan told the newspaper that Google has discussed distributing major TV channels from companies like Walt Disney, Time Warner and Discovery Communications as part of the video service. The discussions were still exploratory and no final decisions have been made, said the report.Google said it does not comment on rumor or speculation.Whether it is a speculation or not, the reported plan reflects possible innovation and revolution for the traditional TV experience with the growth of high-speed Internet, which may become another lucrative battlefield all the technology giants will fight for.With the growth of home and mobile broadband services, more and more video contents become available for rental, purchase and streaming on desktop computers, tablet computers and smartphones.Competitions on the video streaming market have been increasingly fierce this year, among such services as Apple's iTunes, Amazon's Prime Video, NetFlix, Hulu Plus and Vudu, which is owned by Wal-Mart.Cable companies, facing a grim picture of being kicked out in the decades to come, also fought back with their own mobile apps and online streaming services.A new Steve Jobs biography revealed that the late Apple co- founder had been working on an Apple television."It would be seamlessly synced with all of your devices and with iCloud. It will have the simplest user interface you could imagine. I finally cracked it," Jobs told biographer Walter Isaacson in the book.Some analysts said the introduction of an Apple smart TV could bring a 100-billion-U.S.-dollar revenue opportunity for the Cupertino, California-based company.Last Friday, Google-owned YouTube announced a plan to launch 100 channels on its site with original professionally produced content. A new version of Google TV was also launched with new search tools that expand results from shows on cable to web-based services like NetFlix and Amazon.

WASHINGTON, Nov. 9 (Xinhua) -- An international team of researchers funded by NASA and the National Science Foundation (NSF) will travel next month to one of Antarctica's most active, remote and harsh spots to determine how changes in the waters circulating under an active ice sheet are causing a glacier to accelerate and drain into the sea, the U.S. space agency announced Wednesday.The science expedition will be the most extensive ever deployed to Pine Island Glacier. It is the area of the ice-covered continent that concerns scientists most because of its potential to cause a rapid rise in sea level. Satellite measurements have shown this area is losing ice and surrounding glaciers are thinning, raising the possibility the ice could flow rapidly out to sea.The multidisciplinary group of 13 scientists, led by Robert Bindschadler, emeritus glaciologist of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, will depart from the McMurdo Station in Antarctica in mid- December and spend six weeks on the ice shelf. During their stay, they will use a combination of traditional tools and sophisticated new oceanographic instruments to measure the shape of the cavity underneath the ice shelf and determine how streams of warm ocean water enter it, move toward the very bottom of the glacier and melt its underbelly."The project aims to determine the underlying causes behind why Pine Island Glacier has begun to flow more rapidly and discharge more ice into the ocean," said Scott Borg, director of NSF's Division of Antarctic Sciences, the group that coordinates all U.S. research in Antarctica. "This could have a significant impact on global sea-level rise over the coming century."