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Smoke masks. Eye drops. No outdoor exercise. This is how Californians are trying to cope with wildfires choking the state, but experts say an increase in serious health problems may be almost inevitable for vulnerable residents as the disasters become more commonplace.Research suggests children, the elderly and those with existing health problems are most at risk.Short-term exposure to wildfire smoke can worsen existing asthma and lung disease, leading to emergency room treatment or hospitalization, studies have shown.Increases in doctor visits or hospital treatment for respiratory infections, bronchitis and pneumonia in otherwise healthy people also have been found during and after wildfires.RELATED: Missing-persons list tops 600 in Camp FireSome studies also have found increases in ER visits for heart attacks and strokes in people with existing heart disease on heavy smoke days during previous California wildfires, echoing research on potential risks from urban air pollution.For most healthy people, exposure to wildfire smoke is just an annoyance, causing burning eyes, scratchy throats or chest discomfort that all disappear when the smoke clears.But doctors, scientists and public health officials are concerned that the changing face of wildfires will pose a much broader health hazard."Wildfire season used to be June to late September. Now it seems to be happening all year round. We need to be adapting to that," Dr. Wayne Cascio, a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency cardiologist, said this week.In an overview published earlier this year, Cascio wrote that the increasing frequency of large wildland fires, urban expansion into wooded areas and an aging population are all increasing the number of people at risk for health problems from fires.Wood smoke contains some of the same toxic chemicals as urban air pollution, along with tiny particles of vapor and soot 30 times thinner than a human hair. These can infiltrate the bloodstream, potentially causing inflammation and blood vessel damage even in healthy people, research on urban air pollution has shown. Studies have linked heart attacks and cancer with long-term exposure to air pollution.Whether exposure to wildfire smoke carries the same risks is uncertain, and determining harm from smog versus wildfire smoke can be tricky, especially with wind-swept California wildfires spreading thick smoke hundreds of miles away into smoggy big cities."That is the big question," said Dr. John Balmes, a University of California, San Francisco, professor of medicine who studies air pollution."Very little is known about the long-term effects of wildfire smoke because it's hard to study populations years after a wildfire," Balmes said.Decreased lung function has been found in healthy firefighters during fire season. They tend to recover but federal legislation signed this year will establish a U.S. registry tracking firefighters and potential risks for various cancers, including lung cancer. Some previous studies suggested a risk.Balmes noted that increased lung cancer rates have been found in women in developing countries who spend every day cooking over wood fires.That kind of extreme exposure doesn't typically happen with wildfires, but experts worry about the kinds of health damage that may emerge for firefighters and residents with these blazes occurring so often.Whether that includes more cancer is unknown. "We're concerned about that," Balmes said.Regular folks breathing in all that smoke worry about the risks too.Smoke from the fire that decimated the Northern California city of Paradise darkened skies this week in San Francisco, nearly 200 miles southwest, and the air smelled "like you were camping," said Michael Northover, a contractor.He and his 14-year-old son have first-time sinus infections that Northover blames on the smoke."We're all kind of feeling it," Northover said.The smoke was so thick in San Francisco, the skyline was barely visible from across the Bay. The city's iconic open-air cable cars that are popular with tourists were pulled off the streets Thursday because of the bad air.An Environmental Protection Agency website said air quality in Sacramento was "hazardous" Thursday and San Francisco's was "very unhealthy." Many people walking around the cities wore face masks.Most schools in San Francisco, Sacramento, Oakland and Folsom said they would be closed Friday. At least six universities in Northern California canceled classes Thursday.At Chico State University, 11 miles (18 kilometers) from Paradise, ash fell this week and classes were canceled until after Thanksgiving."It's kind of freaky to see your whole town wearing air masks and trying to get out of smoke," said freshman Mason West, 18. "You can see the particles. Obviously, it's probably not good to be breathing that stuff in."West returned home this week to Santa Rosa, hard hit by last year's wine country fires, only to find it shrouded in smoke from the Paradise fire 100 miles (160 kilometers) away. West's family had to evacuate last year for a week, but their home was spared."It's as bad here as it was in Chico," West said. "It almost feels like you just can't get away from it."Smoke has been so thick in Santa Rosa that researchers postponed a door-to-door survey there for a study of health effects of last year's fire."We didn't feel we could justify our volunteer interns going knocking on doors when all the air quality alerts were saying stay indoors," said Irva Hertz-Picciotto, a public health researcher at the University of California, Davis. The study includes an online survey of households affected by last year's fire, with responses from about 6,000 people so far.Preliminary data show widespread respiratory problems, eye irritations, anxiety, depression and sleep problems around the time of the fire and months later."Conventional thinking is that these effects related to fires are transient. It's not entirely clear that's the case," Hertz-Picciotto said.Researchers also will be analyzing cord blood and placentas collected from a few dozen women who were pregnant during the fire, seeking evidence of stress markers or exposure to smoke chemicals.They hope to continue the study for years, seeking evidence of long-term physical and emotional harms to fire evacuees and their children.Other studies have linked emotional stress in pregnant women to developmental problems in their children and "this was quite a stress," Hertz-Picciotto said.It's a kind of stress that many people need to prepare for as the climate warms and wildfires proliferate, she said."Any of us could wake up tomorrow and lose everything we own," she said. "It's pretty scary."___Follow AP Medical Writer Lindsey Tanner at https://twitter.com/LindseyTanner . Her work can be found here .___The Associated Press Health & Science Department receives supportfrom the Howard Hughes Medical Institute's Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content. 7036

SILVERADO CANYON (CNS) - A wind-driven brush fire in Silverado Canyon sparked by a house fire exploded to 7,200 acres Thursday, injuring two firefighters and growing rapidly as mandatory and voluntary evacuations were ordered for residents in a large portion of Orange County.The two firefighters injured worked for the Cleveland National Forest Service."They were treated on scene and transported to a local hospital," said Orange County Fire Authority Chief Brian Fennessy. "Their exact condition is unknown to me."Mandatory evacuations were in effect in the Modjeska, Silverado and Williams Canyon areas, Foothill Ranch and Portola Hills west of El Toro and north of the 241 Toll Road.Voluntary evacuations were issued for the following areas:-- Lake Forest, from the 241 Toll Road, along Bake Parkway to Musick and north to the border with Irvine and from the 241 Toll Road north to Bake Parkway to Foothill Ranch Community Ranch;-- Borrego Canyon;-- Baker Ranch;-- Portola Hills;-- Live Oak Canyon;-- Trabuco Canyon;-- Rose Canyon;-- Valley Vista Way;-- Meadow Ridge Drive;--Cowan and Lemon Heights.Evacuees were strongly encouraged to stay with family or friends or in a hotel, the OCFA said."Due to COVID-19, no congregate shelter is offered," the authority tweeted about 5:20 a.m. A temporary OC Red Cross evacuation point at Santiago Community College at 8405 E. Chapman Ave, Orange, was shut down and a new one was opened at El Modena High School, 3920 E. Spring St., Orange. Residents were asked to remain in their vehicles and wait for assistance.Officials have also opened another Red Cross evacuation point at El Toro High School at 25255 Toledo Way in Lake Forest.Fennessy urged residents to be prepared to move when necessary to clear the way for firefighters to battle the blaze."Even if you don't see smoke... If you have a concern the flames are a little bit too close, that's enough to have your belongings prepared to evacuate," Fennessy said. "You don't have to wait for us to call."Authorities are also concerned about a number of power poles and lines felled by the gusts in the area that could also delay residents from re- entering their homes.More than 500 firefighters were battling the blaze, OCFA Capt. Thanh Nguyen said. A helitanker dropped about 90,000 gallons of water on the flames overnight, Fennessy said.Orange County Sheriff Don Barnes said about 60 deputies have been deployed to assist with evacuations, traffic control and security in evacuated areas. All the department's deputies are on 12-hour patrols, he said."All days off are canceled to bring in all resources," Barnes said.Firefighters were investigating reports of multiple structures damaged or destroyed in the blaze, Nguyen said."We know a number of houses were damaged, potentially destroyed," Fennessy said. "We just don't have the details."Winds were blowing north to northeast 25 mph to 35 mph with gusts up to 65 mph and isolated gusts reaching up to 80 mph, according to the National Weather Service.But the winds died down some by the afternoon, OCFA Capt. Paul Holaday said."This morning around 5:30 a.m. to 6 a.m., it was starting to move toward Lake Forest, which prompted the mandatory evacuations for Portola Hills and Foothill Ranch," Nguyen said.The blaze is in the same area as the Silverado Fire in October, but there's still plenty of brush to fuel the flames now, Nguyen said."This time, it started in Silverado Canyon on the east side of Santiago Canyon Road and made its way to Santiago Canyon and jumped the road," Nguyen said. "The wind was pretty aggressive this morning when I was driving through."Water-dropping helicopters had to be grounded at 3 a.m., Nguyen said. They were able to resume between 7 a.m. to 8 a.m., he added.Officials said Orange County Animal Care would be accepting small household pets at the Tustin Facility at 1630 Victory Road.Orange County Fire Authority personnel responded to the 29400 block of Silverado Canyon Drive at about 10:15 p.m. Wednesday. No injuries were immediately reported.Ground crews were being assisted in the fight against the Bond Fire by fire helicopters and a helitanker, the OCFA said. More than 240 firefighters were on the scene, the OCFA said. The agency is in unified command with the U.S. Forest Service.The Orange County Sheriff's Department announced that the county's Emergency Operations Center was activated to support the firefighting effort. A public information hotline number was activated -- 714-628-7085 -- for residents to call for information on resources available for them.Residents were urged to stay informed of the most current information by monitoring @OCFA_PIO on Twitter. Also, a public safety map with evacuation orders and warnings was available at https://bit.ly/2Vy231m.Santiago Canyon Road from Jackson Ranch Road to the Eastern Transportation (241 Toll Road) Corridor was closed.The 261 toll road and Route 133 were also closed, Barnes said.The Irvine Police Department alerted residents that it is aware of the Bond Fire burning nearby and, while fire is visible from within the city, it was moving away from Irvine and there was no current threat to residents.Anaheim officials also tweeted that no immediate threat was seen in that city.Inland Orange County is under a red flag warning until 10 p.m. Saturday for extreme fire danger due to high winds and low relative humidity. 5400

Spending a year in space not only changes your outlook, it transforms your genes.Preliminary results from NASA's Twins Study reveal that 7% of astronaut Scott Kelly's genes did not return to normal after his return to Earth two years ago.The study looks at what happened to Kelly before, during and after he spent one year aboard the International Space Station through an extensive comparison with his identical twin, Mark, who remained on Earth.NASA has learned that the formerly identical twins are no longer genetically the same. 561

Several videos showing white people calling the police on people of color for controversial reasons have gone viral this summer. Now, one lawmaker is fighting to make it illegal to report people simply based on race.It seems there’s a new viral incident, almost weekly. In April, a white Starbucks manager called police on two black males, who were waiting for their friend inside the Philadelphia store. The following month, a woman, dubbed BBQ Becky by the internet, called police on black men who were grilling in a park in Oakland, Calf. Then, there’s Permit Patty, who called to report a young black girl selling water without a permit on a San Francisco sidewalk.New York State Sen. Jesse Hamilton (D) proposed new legislation that would make calling police on law-abiding people of color a hate crime.  “We have to draw a line in the sand,” says Sen. Hamilton. “This is a phenomenon that's happening all throughout the country, where people are using the police as private security, to interrogate, to intimidate, to harass and humiliate.”Sen. Hamilton says it has even happened to him. He says a woman called police while he was campaigning in his own district, and all because she didn’t like his message.“I’m saying, no, that shouldn’t happen. No one should be interrogated or humiliated because of their color of their skin, political beliefs, sex orientation,” says Sen. Hamilton. “They should not be harassed like that.”The bill, if passed, would criminalize making police reports against people of color without evidence of malice. 1558

SOUTHLAKE, Texas - Southlake public safety officers came up with a creative way to free a beaver trapped in a lake on Sunday.According to Southlake DPS, officers responded to the lake after receiving several calls about a trapped beaver hanging off on a blue float. 273