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WASHINGTON, Nov. 8 (Xinhua) -- Children with autism have more brain cells and heavier brains compared to typically developing children, according to a study to be published on Wednesday in the Journal of the American Medical Association.The small, preliminary study provides direct evidence for possible prenatal causes of autism.The prefrontal cortex is involved in various higher order functions such as language and communication, social behavior, mood, and attention. Children who have autism tend to show deficits in such functions.Eric Courchesne, of the University of San Diego School of Medicine Autism Center of Excellence, and colleagues conducted direct counts of brain cells in specific regions of the prefrontal cortex in postmortem brains of seven boys who had autism and six typically developing males, ranging in age from 2-16 years. Most participants had died in accidents, but the researchers did not base their selection on causes of death.The researchers found that children with autism had 67 percent more neurons in the prefrontal cortex and heavier brains for their age compared to typically developing children. Since these neurons are produced before birth, the study's findings suggest that faulty prenatal cell birth or maintenance may be involved in the development of autism. Another possible factor that may contribute to the neuronal excess is a reduction in apoptosis, or programmed cell death, which normally occurs during the third trimester and early postnatal life.Though small, this preliminary study examined all relevant postmortem tissue available at the time. The relative scarcity of tissue from very young children may limit future research as well, but efforts to include a larger number of samples are needed to confirm these findings and to identify patterns of age-related changes in autism, the researchers say."Earlier studies of head circumference and early brain overgrowth have pointed us in this direction, but there have been few quantitative neuroanatomical studies due to the lack of postmortem tissue from children with autism," said Thomas Insel, director of the National Institute of Mental Health, in a statement. "These new results, along with an earlier study reporting altered wiring of the prefrontal cortex, focus our attention on this critical area of the brain in autism."

WASHINGTON, Nov. 24 (Xinhua) -- A new study suggests that the rate of global warming from doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide may be less than the most dire estimates of some previous studies.Authors of the study, which was funded by the National Science Foundation and published online on Thursday in the journal Science, say that global warming is real and that increases in atmospheric CO2 will have multiple serious impacts. However, the most Draconian projections of temperature increases from the doubling of CO2 are unlikely."Many previous climate sensitivity studies have looked at the past only from 1850 through today, and not fully integrated paleoclimate date, especially on a global scale," said Andreas Schmittner, an Oregon State University researcher and lead author on the Science article. "When you reconstruct sea and land surface temperatures from the peak of the last Ice Age 21,000 years ago -- which is referred to as the Last Glacial Maximum -- and compare it with climate model simulations of that period, you get a much different picture.""If these paleoclimatic constraints apply to the future, as predicted by our model, the results imply less probability of extreme climatic change than previously thought," Schmittner added.Scientists have struggled for years trying to quantify "climate sensitivity" -- which is how the Earth will respond to projected increases of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The 2007 IPCC report estimated that the air near the surface of the Earth would warm on average by two to 4.5 degrees (Celsius) with a doubling of atmospheric CO2 from preindustrial standards. The mean, or " expected value" increase in the IPCC estimates was 3.0 degrees; most climate model studies use the doubling of CO2 as a basic index.The researchers based their study on ice age land and ocean surface temperature obtained by examining ices cores, bore holes, seafloor sediments and other factors. When they first looked at the paleoclimatic data, the researchers only found very small differences in ocean temperatures then compared to now."Our study implies that we still have time to prevent that from happening, if we make a concerted effort to change course soon," said Schmittner.

SAN FRANCISCO, Dec. 2 (Xinhua) -- About one in 10 mobile phone subscribers in the United States is now using an Apple iPhone, said a new survey released on Friday.Latest survey results from research firm comScore showed that for the three-month period ending in October, Apple remained the No. 4 handset maker in the U.S. with its share of mobile subscribers rising to 10.8 percent from 9.5 percent in the previous three months.Among the top five mobile phone brands in the U.S. market, Apple is the only one that saw its market share increase in the quarter, according to the survey.Samsung was still the top handset manufacturer with 25.5 percent of U.S. mobile subscribers, followed by LG and Motorola taking the second and third place with 20.6 percent and 13.6 percent of share respectively.Research in Motion (RIM), maker of Blackberry, ranked No. 5 with a share of 6.6 percent.Except Apple, market shares of the other four brands remained unchanged or dropped from the previous quarter.Apple's gain in the quarter might be driven by the introduction of new model iPhone 4S which went on sale on Oct. 14, and the addition of Sprint as a carrier in the U.S. market, some analysts said.The survey by comScore, which involved more than 30,000 U.S. mobile subscribers, found that 234 million Americans age 13 and older used mobile devices by the end of October.

BEIJING, Dec. 19 (Xinhua) -- China will launch its first-ever high-resolution geological mapping satellite for civil purposes next January, according to official sources.The Ziyuan III satellite will be launched aboard a Long March 4B carrier rocket from the Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center in northern China's Shanxi province, according to a conference held on Monday for the directors of surveying, mapping and geoinformation administrations across the nation.The Ziyuan III's surveying covers the entire area between 84 degrees north latitude and 84 degrees south latitude.The satellite will be used to conduct geological mapping, carry out surveys on land resources, help with natural disaster-reduction and prevention, and lend assistance to farming, water conservation, urban planning and other sectors.The Ziyuan III satellite project was inaugurated on March 2008, and also includes gravity satellites, radar satellites and follow-up satellites for the Ziyuan III, so as to obtain geoinformation under all kinds of meteorological conditions. 

NEW YORK, Dec. 1 (Xinhua) -- New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg announced on Thursday a new recommendation that doctors offer every person with an HIV diagnosis antiretroviral treatment to help them live longer and prevent transmission.This marks a change from the current practice that treatment only be offered to those who show signs of damage to their immune systems, said the mayor during the annual World AIDS Day commemorative ceremony at Gracie Mansion. "Over the past ten years HIV diagnoses and deaths in New York City have seen a dramatic decline," said Mayor Bloomberg. "Steady progress in our fight against HIV has turned what used to be a death sentence into a disease that can be prevented and, with antiretroviral therapy, managed.The annual death toll from HIV in the city is down by more than a third: 933 deaths in 2009Despite this progress, however, more than 110,000 people in New York City are infected with HIV, more than in any other U.S. city and about 75 percent of all cases in the New York State.Figures from the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation (HHC) showed that HHC has tested more than one million New Yorkers for HIV since 2005 when the public hospitals and health centers began offering HIV screening as a routine part of medical care for patients aged 13 to 64.