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HONG KONG, Sept. 9 (Xinhua) -- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (PolyU) announced Friday that its surveying experts had successfully developed methodologies for precise mapping of the Moon, after intensive analysis of the data captured by the Chinese lunar orbiter ChangE-1 and other lunar exploration missions.According to the PolyU, the team has made significant contributions to lunar mapping. Their efforts culminated in the development of a unique and innovative approach to the creation of accurate 3D models of the lunar surface.The team has produced the most updated parameters of the lunar figure (the shape of the moon), which is essential for lunar mapping using 17.5 million laser altimetry measurements from the ChangE-1and the Japanese SELENE missions.In addition, they also used the new topographic and gravity models to calculate improved crustal thickness and mass distribution of the Moon and established that the average thickness of the Moon's crust is about 40 km on the near side and 50 km on the far side.It was introduced that the resulting lunar mapping was the hard work of a dedicated research team led by Professor Chen Yong-qi, Emeritus Professor of the Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, who is also serving on the Expert Committee of China's Lunar Exploration Programme (ECCLEP), with the concerted efforts of team members Prof. Chen Wu, Prof. Ding Xiao-li, Prof. Baki Iz, Dr. Bruce King, and Dr. Wu Bo.According to Chen Yong-qi, the lunar mapping project started in 2006. The primary objective was to develop the methodologies and techniques for mapping the Moon surface, which is much more challenging than mapping the Earth's surface because of very few surveyed control points which are essential for accurate map making.Statistics showed that there were only fourteen lunar laser ranging retro reflectors (LRRR) and Apollo lunar surface experiment package (ALSEP) transmitter sites with accurately known coordinates available only on the near side of the Moon, installed by the U.S. Apollo and former Soviet Union Luna missions in the 1960s.Moreover, according to the team, the gravitational field of the Moon is not as well-known as that of Earth, which means the accuracy of the computed lunar satellite's position at any given time is lower than for Earth satellites, thus degrading the mapping accuracy and reliability.In addition, the team expressed that highly reflective lunar surface created significant problems for the automatic processing of images to develop 3D models using the technique of photogramemtry, which is a widely used and highly reliable technique for the creation of maps and 3D models on Earth.Furthermore, the team also revealed they had a plan to compare such data with other data sources in order to evaluate the performance of the ChangE mapping sensors. Since Chen Yong-qi is serving on the ECCLEP, the team has direct access to more recent data captured by the ChangE satellite.

BEIJING, Aug. 22 (Xinhuanet) -- Researchers have discovered how a human egg captures an incoming sperm for fertilization, paving the way to help couples suffering from infertility, according to media reports on Monday.An international team of researchers found that a sugar chain known as the sialyl-lewis-x sequence (SLeX) makes the outer coat of the egg “sticky,” which has proven to be helpful in binding the egg and the sperm.As a result, this observation has filled in a huge gap in the understanding of fertility and provides hope for ultimately helping couples who currently cannot conceive.Scientists and doctors know that a sperm identifies an egg when proteins on the head of the sperm match and bind to a series of specific sugars in the egg’s outer coating. With a successful match of proteins, the outside surfaces of the sperm and egg then bind together before merging, which is then followed by delivery of sperm’s DNA into egg.To identify this molecules, the researchers used ultra-sensitive mass-spectrometric imaging technology to observe and identify which molecules are most likely to be key in the binding process.They experimented with a range of synthesised sugars in the laboratory and found that it is SLeX that specifically binds sperm to an egg.According to the World Health Organisation, infertility affects about 15 percent of reproductive-aged couples around the world and almost one in every seven couples in Britain has problems conceiving a child for various reasons.

LOS ANGELES, June 5 (Xinhua) -- U.S. researchers have developed two new drugs that can prolong the lives of patients with advanced melanoma, it was announced on Sunday.Research on both drugs was presented at the on-going annual meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology in Chicago, according to HealthDay News.This is the first big news in years for treatment of melanoma, one of the deadliest forms of skin cancer and one that is notoriously difficult to treat, let alone cure, the report said.The first treatment, vemurafenib, inhibits a gene mutation harbored in half of all melanoma patients, but is not yet approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.The other drug, Yervoy (ipilumumab), is an immune system therapy that won approval in March."The March FDA approval of ipilumumab (Yervoy) was the first new drug approval for melanoma in 13 years," said Tim Turnham, executive director of the Melanoma Research Foundation.The two drugs were developed by researchers at Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, the report said."This is really a huge step toward personalized care in melanoma," Dr. Paul Chapman, lead author of the first study and the attending physician in the melanoma/sarcoma service at Memorial Sloan-Kettering, said in a statement. "This (vemurafenib) is the first successful melanoma treatment tailored to patients who carry a specific gene mutation in their tumor, and could eventually become one of only two drugs available that improves overall survival in advanced cancers.""Having two trials that show a benefit in survival in patients with melanoma, both of these in first-line settings -- we weren't here just a few years ago," said Dr. Stephen Hodi, director of the Melanoma Center at Dana Farber Cancer Institute in Boston. "These are huge, paradigm-shifting results for the field."In the vemurafenib trial, sponsored by the drug's makers, researchers randomly assigned 675 patients with advanced, inoperable melanoma to receive either the chemotherapy drug dacarbazine or vemurafenib. Vemurafenib targets the V600E mutation in the BRAF gene.At the three-month mark, patients taking vemurafenib were 63 percent less likely to die and 74 percent less likely to die or see their cancer return, compared to patients taking dacarbazine alone.Few patients had side effects in the vemurafenib group, although some did develop squamous cell carcinoma, a less dangerous form of skin cancer.This is the first drug that has been proven superior to chemotherapy in this group of hard-to-treat patients, the researchers said."There was such a substantial benefit that we recommended that patients cross over," Chapman said at a Sunday news briefing. "It' s unprecedented to report a trial this early. The median follow-up time was three months." Yet the differences between the two groups became evident almost immediately.Dr. Lynn Schuchter, co-moderator of the briefing and division chief of hematology-oncology at Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, said symptoms subsided in some patients almost immediately, enabling them to cut back on pain medication in just 72 hours."The median time to progression with dacarbazine was 1.6 months versus three months with vemurafenib, which is a huge difference," said Chapman.In the second study, about 500 patients were randomly picked to receive Yervoy plus dacarbazine or dacarbazine alone.Those taking both drugs lived a median of 11.2 months compared to 9.1 months for those taking dacarbazine alone. Time to recurrence of disease was about the same for both groups: 2.8 months and 2.6 months, respectively.Almost half of those taking the combination therapy were alive after one year, compared to 36.3 percent in the other group. After two years, the rates were 28.5 percent and 17.9 percent, respectively.By three years out, 20.8 percent of those in the combination group were alive compared with 12.2 percent of those taking chemotherapy alone.This is the first study to combine chemotherapy and immunotherapy both safely and effectively.A study to test vemurafenib in combination with Yervoy has already begun, according to HealthDay News.

LOS ANGELES, May 30 (Xinhua) -- The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) warned on Monday that children should keep away from energy drinks which may be dangerous for minors.The AAP urged young children and teens to avoid energy drinks entirely, saying routine consumption of sports drinks should be limited or eliminated.Energy drinks include such popular brands as Red Bull, AMP and Rockstar, the AAP said in a report.These drinks, the report said, tend to be heavily caffeinated, potentially having several times the level of caffeine found in a cup of coffee.In addition, manufacturers often add sugar and herbal stimulants such as guarana and taurine to the drinks, which are popular among kids, according to the report."There's no place for energy drinks for kids," said report co-author Dr. Marcie Beth Schneider, an adolescent physician in Greenwich, Connecticut. "There's a place for sports drinks, but that place is very specific."The caffeine in energy drinks can lead to high blood pressure, high heart rate and insomnia, she said.The other ingredients can boost the power of the caffeine, she said, adding that the drinks will have a greater effect on children because they're smaller than adults."Kids don't need to have this," she said. "This is not something they should be drinking."Schneider declined to identify any energy drinks that may be better than others for kids who insist on drinking them. If kids use energy drinks because they're tired, she said, they should get more rest instead of chugging caffeine.Half of the nation's 5,448 reported caffeine overdoses in 2007 were in people under age 19, although it's not known how many of the cases were the result of energy drink consumption, according to statistics provided by the AAP.