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It was my honor to formally swear-in General Charles Q. Brown, the first African-American military service chief in American History. President @realDonaldTrump & I have every confidence our Air Force will only grow stronger under General Brown's leadership! pic.twitter.com/nILcjhdqTX— Mike Pence (@Mike_Pence) August 4, 2020 338

It's National Oreo Day and Oreo is giving away one million candy bars. All you have to do is register on their website. Registration will remain open until one million people have signed up.RELATED: Would you try these wacky Oreo flavors?Oreo is celebrating its 106th birthday this year. The first Oreo cookies was made by Chelsea Market bakey in Manhattan in 1912 although a similar cookie known as the Hydrox debuted in 1908.RELATED: 10 things you probably didn't know about Oreos RELATED: Scientists determine how long an Oreo should be dipped in milk    595

It may not be as oft-quoted as the First Amendment or as contested as the Second Amendment, but the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution plays a critical role in supporting some of our closest-held notions of American freedom and equality.For one, it clearly states that American citizenship is a birthright for all people who are born on American soil -- something that President Donald Trump has announced he wants to end. Not only would this unravel 150 years of American law, it would loosen a significant cornerstone of the Constitution's interpretation of American identity.In order to better understand this part of the 14th Amendment, we asked two experts in constitutional and immigration law to walk us through the first section. The amendment has five sections, but we will only be dealing with the first, which contains the Citizenship Clause and three other related clauses.But first, some historyThe 14th Amendment is known as a Reconstruction amendment, because it was added to the Constitution after the Civil War in 1868. That places it at an important historical crossroads, when lingering wounds of divisiveness and animosity still plagued the nation and the reality of a post-slavery America begged contentious racial and social questions."Thomas Jefferson said men were created equal, but the original Constitution betrayed that promise by allowing for slavery," says Jeffrey Rosen. "The 13th, 14th and 15th amendments were designed to enshrine Lincoln's promise of a new America."However, as so often is the case, this reaffirmed American ideal fell short of reality. Rosen notes that issues of civil rights and equal treatment continued to be denied to African Americans, LGBT people and other citizens for more than a century after the amendment's ratification.And Erika Lee points out that Native Americans weren't even allowed to become citizens until 1925."Even as [these amendments] were written, obviously there were major built-in inequalities and maybe at the time weren't intended to apply to everyone," Lee says.Why was citizenship by birthright such an important concept?"Citizenship was a central question left open by the original Constitution," says Rosen. "At the time it was written, the Constitution assumed citizenship, but it didn't provide any rules for it. In the infamous Dred Scott decision, the Chief Justice said African Americans can't be citizens of the US and 'had no rights which the white man was bound to respect.'"The US Supreme Court's ruling in the Dred Scott case, named for a slave who unsuccessfully sued for his freedom, has since been widely condemned.READ MORE: Scott v. Sandford"The 14th Amendment was designed to overturn this decision and define citizenship once and for all, and it was based on birthright," Rosen says. "It is really important that it's a vision of citizenship based on land rather than blood. It is an idea that anyone can be an American if they commit themselves to our Constitutional values."What does it mean to be "subject to the jurisdiction thereof?"According to Rosen, this is one of the greatest questions of citizenship. There are two clear examples of people not subject to the jurisdictions of the United States: diplomats and their children, and -- at the time of the 14th Amendment -- Native Americans, who were not recognized as part of the American populace."With those two exceptions, everyone who was physically present in the United States was thought to be under its jurisdiction," Rosen says. "There are numerous Supreme Court cases that reaffirm that understanding, and almost as importantly, there are lots of congressional statutes that assume birthright citizenship."Some scholars, like John Eastman of the Claremont Institute's Center for Constitutional Jurisprudence, have argued that children of illegal immigrants are not "subject to the jurisdiction" of the US and thus should not be considered citizens under the Constitution.But Rosen says this is a minority view among constitutional scholars of all political backgrounds."While the Supreme Court has not explicitly ruled [on the instance of children of illegal immigrants], Congress has passed all kinds of laws presuming their citizenship," Rosen says.What is the connection between birthright citizenship and immigration?In 1898, 30 years after the 14th Amendment was adopted, the Supreme Court reached a defining decision in a case known as the United States v. Wong Kim Ark. Lee explains that Wong Kim Ark was the American-born son of Chinese immigrants."Asian immigrants were the first immigrants to the US that couldn't be considered white," Lee says. "So they are treated differently. They are taxed differently, they are stripped of many rights. In the 1880s, they are excluded from immigration and barred from citizenship."READ MORE: The United States v. Wong Kim ArkSo, the main question of the case was, could a person born in America be a citizen in a place where his parents could not be as well? The Supreme Court decided yes, and the case remains the first defining legal decision made under the banner of birthright citizenship."[The Supreme Court's decision] said that the right of citizenship is not a matter of inheritance, that it never descends from generation to generation, it is related to where you're born," Lee says. "It's about the power of place. That has been a very expansive, and at the time, a corrective measure to a more exclusionary definition both legally as well as culturally as to what an American is."Why must it be stated that the privileges of citizenship need to be protected?Before the Civil War, states didn't necessarily have to follow the provisions stated in the Bill of Rights; only Congress had to. The 14th Amendment changed that."This second sentence of the Amendment means that states have to respect the Bill of Rights as well as basic civil rights and the rights that come along with citizenship," Rosen says. "The idea was that there were rights that were so basic; so integral to citizenship that they could not be narrowed by the states."Despite the promises and protections of citizenship, Lee says it is abundantly clear that different racial groups were, and often are, seen as unable or unworthy to function as true American citizens. After all, basic rights of citizenship, like suffrage and equal treatment, were denied certain racial groups for a hundred years after the 14th Amendment."The idea of a law applying to 'all people' seems to be clear. But in reality, the debate and the laws and practices that get established are very much based on a hierarchy of, well sure, all persons, but some are more fit and some are more deserving than others," she says.Throughout history, Asian immigrants, Mexican immigrants, Muslim immigrants and their children, to name a few, have had unspoken cultural caveats applied to their ability to be Americans."For Asian immigrants, the racial argument at the time was that 'It didn't matter whether one were born in the US or not, Asians as a race, are unassimilable. They are diametrically opposite from us Americans,'" Lee says."That was the argument that was used to intern Japanese citizens. It was the denial of citizenship in favor of race: 'The ability to become American, the ability to assimilate, they just didn't have it.'"Why was it important to legalize rights for non-citizens?So far, we've covered the first clause, the Citizenship Clause, and the second, the Privileges and Immunities Clause. These both deal with American citizens.The final two clauses, the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection clause, are a little different, and deal with the rights of all people in the United States.Eagle-eyed Constitution readers will notice that the 14th Amendment contains a "due process" clause very similar to the Fifth Amendment. This, says Rosen, was a technical addition to ensure the Fifth Amendment wasn't theoretically narrowed down to protect only American citizens."The 14th Amendment distinguishes between the privileges of citizenship and the privileges of all people," Rosen says. "The framers [of the amendment] thought there were certain rights that were so important that they should be extended to all persons, and in order to specify that they needed a new 'due process' clause."What does it mean to have 'equal protection of the laws'?"At the time following the Civil War, at its core, it meant all persons had the right to be protected by the police, that the laws of the country should protect all people," Rosen says. "In the 20th century, more broader questions were litigated under the 14th Amendment, like Brown v. Board of Education -- whether segregation was constitutional. Cases involving the internment of Japanese citizens, case from the marriage equality decisions, even Roe vs. Wade have strains of equal protection language and invoke due process law."READ MORE: Brown v. Board of EducationAnother interesting case that speaks directly to the immigration side of the 14th Amendment debate is the 1982 case of Plyler v. Doe, in which the Supreme Court ruled it was unconstitutional for the state of Texas to deny funding for undocumented immigrant children.READ MORE: Plyler v. DoeWhy are we talking about all this right now?This week,?Trump vowed to end the right to citizenship for the children of non-citizens and unauthorized immigrants born on US soil.But his interest in repealing birthright citizenship isn't a new idea. Lee says for the last 30 years or so, there have been several overtures by the political right to explore "citizenship reform," a timeline that she says aligns with the ascendancy of modern American conservatism.Lee fears if the current push to end birthright citizenship is successful, it could have wider implications than most people assume. People from other countries who are here legally on work or student visas, for instance, could have children who do not legally belong to the only country they know."There have been attempts since the 1990s to break away birthright citizenship, or narrow it down, and it did not seem that they would have a chance at succeeding until now," she says."To me this not only reflects the ascendancy of an extreme right position but also a return to a very narrow and exclusionary definition of Americanness." 10356

It's a common misconception that you can just "shave off" a bunion. Turns out, it's a deformity that needs to be realigned. Doctors are now able to lower the rate of recurrence with a surgery that's three dimensional.Jennifer Anderson is an avid runner, biker and hiker who doesn't like to be slowed down.“By the fall of last year, it got to the point where it was miserable to put running shoes on, hiking boots on, bike shoes,” said Anderson. “At that point, I was like, ‘I need to get this fixed.’”She noticed a bunion developing in her early 30s, but she didn't realize until much later that it was halting her stride.“When it started causing an issue with the things I like to do athletic-wise, running, I’ve always been a runner, I like to ride my bike inside and outside, hiking, so when it got to a point when I wasn’t enjoying that stuff anymore, I knew it was time to get it fixed,” said Anderson.She started doing some research and got overwhelmed with all the types and kinds of surgeries. There are 200 different types of bunion surgeries that exist, which make it difficult to pick the right kind that works best for each situation.“I was actually discouraged because before looking at the Lapiplasty, that point was huge to me,” she said. “I was like, ‘why would I go through having a surgery if it’s going to probably come back?’”Dr. Bharat Desai walked her through what Lapiplasty does and why it's successful."So, literally we’re fusing a joint that’s unstable back to a joint that’s stable. Once a fusion occurs, it won’t change.”The Denver based Orthopedic foot and ankle surgeon says 50 to 60% of bunions are genetic. They occur over time and they tend to be more common in women.“With current standards on fashion and such people want narrower feet, this is not much different than in Japan and the geishas when they bound feet to make them narrow,” said Desai.He says sometimes it causes pain in other areas.“When you have a bunion, it’s a physical change in the alignment your body has to manage that alignment change so it compensates, it can affect knee, ankle, foot and it can affect the ball of your feet as well,” he said.Desai says Lapiplasty is successful because it lessens the chance of a bunion coming back. It permanently addresses the deformity with a 3D fix for a 3D problem.A word of caution from the doctor though:“A bump could just be a spur. Not all bumps are bunions and not all bunions are bumps and so the best thing I would advise is if you’re having pain on the big toe, see a foot and ankle specialist, because they can help you differentiate what it is. It may not be a bunion.”As for Anderson, her recovery was easier than she thought it would be. She was able to walk shortly after surgery. By six weeks, she was in athletic shoes and by the four-month mark, she was back on her feet, back on the road, and back on the trails.3D surgery seeing huge success rate for those who suffer from bunionsIt's a common misconception that you can just "shave off" a bunion. Turns out, it's a deformity that needs to be realigned. Doctors are now able to lower the rate of recurrence with a surgery that's three dimensional.Jennifer Anderson is an avid runner, biker and hiker who doesn't like to be slowed down.“By the fall of last year, it got to the point where it was miserable to put running shoes on, hiking boots on, bike shoes,” said Anderson. “At that point, I was like, ‘I need to get this fixed.’”She noticed a bunion developing in her early 30s, but she didn't realize until much later that it was halting her stride.“When it started causing an issue with the things I like to do athletic-wise, running, I’ve always been a runner, I like to ride my bike inside and outside, hiking, so when it got to a point when I wasn’t enjoying that stuff anymore, I knew it was time to get it fixed,” said Anderson.She started doing some research and got overwhelmed with all the types and kinds of surgeries. There are 200 different types of bunion surgeries that exist, which make it difficult to pick the right kind that works best for each situation.“I was actually discouraged because before looking at the Lapiplasty, that point was huge to me,” she said. “I was like, ‘why would I go through having a surgery if it’s going to probably come back?’”Dr. Bharat Desai walked her through what Lapiplasty does and why it's successful."So, literally we’re fusing a joint that’s unstable back to a joint that’s stable. Once a fusion occurs, it won’t change.”The Denver based Orthopedic foot and ankle surgeon says 50 to 60% of bunions are genetic. They occur over time and they tend to be more common in women.“With current standards on fashion and such people want narrower feet, this is not much different than in Japan and the geishas when they bound feet to make them narrow,” said Desai.He says sometimes it causes pain in other areas.“When you have a bunion, it’s a physical change in the alignment your body has to manage that alignment change so it compensates, it can affect knee, ankle, foot and it can affect the ball of your feet as well,” he said.Desai says Lapiplasty is successful because it lessens the chance of a bunion coming back. It permanently addresses the deformity with a 3D fix for a 3D problem.A word of caution from the doctor though:“A bump could just be a spur. Not all bumps are bunions and not all bunions are bumps and so the best thing I would advise is if you’re having pain on the big toe, see a foot and ankle specialist, because they can help you differentiate what it is. It may not be a bunion.”As for Anderson, her recovery was easier than she thought it would be. She was able to walk shortly after surgery. By six weeks, she was in athletic shoes and by the four-month mark, she was back on her feet, back on the road, and back on the trails. 5829

IRAPUATO, Mexico (AP) — Local Mexican officials again helped thousands of Central American migrants find rides Sunday on the latest leg of their journey toward the U.S. border.At a toll plaza to the west of the central Mexico city of Queretaro, where the group spent Saturday night, police prevented migrants from waylaying trucks on their own, but officers did help them find vehicles for rides.The government of Queretaro said via Twitter that 6,531 migrants had moved through the state between Friday and Saturday. It said that 5,771 of those departed Sunday morning after staying in three shelters it had prepared, the largest of which was a soccer stadium in the state capital.RELATED: First group of migrants from caravan arrives in?TijuanaThose numbers appeared even higher than counts made by officials when the group was in Mexico City for several days, raising the possibility that other migrants had caught up to the main caravan.Starting out before dawn, the migrants went on to Irapuato, an agricultural city about 62 miles (100 kilometers) to the west in neighboring Guanajuato state, and set up camp around a local family center and small sports complex.As on other days, the migrants jumped at any opportunity to catch rides. They piled onto flatbed trucks, hung from car carrier trailers and even stacked themselves four levels high on a truck that usually carries pigs.Miguel Ortiz of Honduras reclined in the pig trailer with his wife and son. He said they were headed to U.S. for a better life where they could work for more than just putting food on the table.Maria Isabel Reyes, 39, of Honduras travelled with her three daughters and a granddaughter."I feel happy by the grace of God," she said. "Because we're advancing little by little, but all of us here are moving forward."The migrants appear to be on a path toward Tijuana across the border from San Diego, which is still some 1,600 miles (2,575 kilometers) away.The caravan became a campaign issue in U.S. midterm elections and U.S. President Donald Trump has ordered the deployment of over 5,000 military troops to the border to fend off the migrants. Trump has insinuated without proof that there are criminals or even terrorists in the group.Many migrants say they are fleeing rampant poverty, gang violence and political instability primarily in the Central American countries of Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador and Nicaragua, and they have now been on the road for weeks.Mexico has offered refuge, asylum or work visas to the migrants, and its government said 2,697 temporary visas had been issued to individuals and families to cover them while they wait for the 45-day application process for a more permanent status.But most vowed to continue to the United States."We can earn more (in the U.S.) and give something to our family. But there (in Honduras) even when we want to give something to our children, we can't because the little we earn it's just for food, to pay the house and the light, nothing else," said Nubia Morazan, 28, of Honduras as she prepared to set out Sunday with her husband and two children. 3110