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National guidelines on economically affordable housing were released on Friday night along with new State measures on housing for low-income families, which come into effect on Saturday.Economically affordable houses ought to be around 60 sq m per unit, said the guidelines jointly released by the Ministry of Construction, the National Development and Reform Commission, and five other ministries.It said eligible purchasers will "have limited property rights", and that the apartments can only be directly sold after five years.Moreover, the document limited fundraising for cooperative housing units to independent mining corporations on the outskirts of cities and enterprises with a significant number of employees with housing problems, while stressing that they must do so with their own properties.Eligible applicants of the Measure on Low-rent Housing Security, meanwhile, are no longer limited to city households with the lowest income, but will also include all lower-income urban families with housing issues.Government subsidies, the usual means of securing housing for these social groups, are to be gathered from rental fees on low-rent housing, credit risk reserves, housing provident funds, social donations and security funds. Local governments must also spend 10 per-cent of the local land-use fees on developing low-rent housing, said the measure, released by nine ministries on Monday.Because situations vary across the 656 cities that had adopted the mechanism as of October, the measure allows special funds to be allocated to central and western regions that find it financially difficult to support the construction of low-rent homes.Additionally, the construction area of these apartments, limited to 50 sq m per unit, should be granted preferential status on a stand-alone basis in land supply schemes and annual land-use applications.Months earlier, the central government urged local governments to reserve at least 70 percent of the land designated for residential construction for units under 90 sq m. But since the housing security system is expected to cover all low-income Chinese families by 2010, implementation of the new measure and relevant policies has a long way to go.Figures from the Ministry of Construction show that nearly 10 million households still live in a housing space, per capita, of less than 10 sq m. Up to the end of 2006, only 268,000 families, or 6.7 percent of all households living on a minimum allowance, and 2.7 percent of all low-income households in China, had benefited from low-rent housing policies.Despite a record 7.04 billion yuan (.52 million) of central government investment in low-income housing so far this year, 50 billion yuan is needed every year for the next five years to continue to broaden coverage, the People's Daily reported.To address the housing problems of urban low-income families, for example, Shanghai is to pour in a total of 2 billion yuan in providing 500,000 sq m of low-rent apartments by the end of this year, Shanghai's Jiefang Daily reported on Friday.The money will come from the 8.3 billion yuan coffers of the Shanghai public housing reserve fund.Cong Chen, a staffer at the Department of Policy and Regulation of Shanghai Provident Fund Management Center, confirmed the information.The project, launched last month, has already secured 150,000 sq m of land in Jiading, Baoshan and several other districts in Shanghai, 70 percent of which are completed flats.These flats are said to be lo-cated in areas with comparatively mature transportation and living facilities, such as metro stations and bus stops, for the convenience of low-income tenants, the Jiefang Daily said.

The national urban and township unemployment rate was reduced to 4 percent last year, thanks to the creation of more than 12 million jobs and despite more people entering the workforce, a top labor official said yesterday.The number of jobs created exceeded the target of 9 million set at the beginning of last year, Zhai Yanli, vice-minister of Labor and Social Security, said at a press conference.Zhai said that by the end of the year, 99.9 percent of the country's 869,000 former "zero employment" families had succeeded in finding work for at least one member.Last year saw the total urban and township unemployment rate fall by 0.1 percentage points for the third year in a row.During the period of economic restructuring in the late 1990s, the rate rose to a high of 6 percent.Zhai attributed the decline to the country's economic growth and measures to stabilize employment. He said the rate will be held within 4.5 percent this year.Every year for the past decade, China has posted double-digit GDP growth. Between 1978 and 2006, the number of urban and township jobs rose from 95.14 million to 283.1 million.But the country continues to face employment pressure, with 10 million people entering the workforce every year between now and 2010, according to official figures.At the same time, the move away from labor-intensive industries in line with efforts to upgrade the economy and improve productivity will also mean fewer jobs being created in those industries, Chen Liangwen, an economics researcher at Peking University, said.Research by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences has suggested the government look to create more jobs in the country's tertiary, or service, industries.While these already account for about 39 percent of the country's total jobs, the ratio in many developed countries is between 50 and 60 percent.Zhai also said the ministry is mulling over a new salary regulation, to guarantee steady pay rises."The regulation has been drafted and is now soliciting advice. It will be submitted to the State Council for deliberation after certain legislative procedures," he said.Labor experts have said the new regulation, together with the newly implemented Labor Contract Law, have helped China enter a new era of employer-employee relations by offering more protection for workers.Wen Yueran, an expert in labor relations from Beijing's Renmin University of China, said low salaries were a major factor in accelerating China's economic growth over the past two decades.The country's total wage payments fell to 41.4 percent of GDP in 2005, compared with 53.4 percent in 1990, according to figures from the National Bureau of Statistics.Workers will need some hefty pay rises if China is to increase its wages-to-GDP ratio to the 55 percent level of most developed countries, Wen told the 21 Century Business Herald.Low wages and slow pay increases have had a negative impact on society and cooled consumption, Chen said.Steady and rational pay rises will help stimulate domestic consumption, which fell to a record low of 51.1 percent of GDP in 2006, Chen said.

SHANGHAI: In a fresh sign of China¡¯s financial strength, a leap in the shares of Industrial & Commercial Bank of China Monday made it the world¡¯s biggest bank by market capitalisation, overtaking US giant Citigroup. ICBC¡¯s Shanghai-listed A shares surged 2.68% to 5.75 yuan, giving it a market capitalisation of 4bn, according to Reuters calculations. That exceeded the 1bn capitalisation of Citigroup, previously the world¡¯s biggest bank, when its shares closed at .73 in New York on Friday. HSBC Holdings was in third place with 5bn. Shares in ICBC, which listed in Shanghai and Hong Kong last October, have gained 15% this month on the back of a rally in China¡¯s booming stock market as well as strong growth in the bank¡¯s own earnings. Weakness in Citigroup¡¯s share price, and appreciation of the yuan against the dollar have also shifted market values in favour of ICBC. But some analysts believe ICBC¡¯s ballooning capitalisation may also be a sign of a dangerously overheated Shanghai stock market as speculating Chinese investors pour money into shares. ICBC, a state-controlled behemoth which is trying to modernise a creaky branch network operating almost entirely inside China, reported income of bn last year. Citigroup, one of the world¡¯s most sophisticated financial institutions with operations around the globe, reported income almost four times as large, at bn. ICBC¡¯s share price yesterday valued it at 28 times analysts¡¯ forecasts for its earnings per share in 2007, far above 11 times for Citigroup and an average of 16 times for major global banks, according to Reuters Estimates. ¨C Reuters

All provincial and municipal authorities must act on findings of investigations of serious workplace accidents occurred since 2005, the State Council's work safety committee office ordered Monday.A check on the local investigations and whether the parties responsible were accordingly dealt with "must be instantly organized" and reported to the office by work safety departments before January 15, said the document, released on the State Administration of Work Safety (SAWS) website at www.chinasafety.gov.cn.Such reports should include the latest updates on every investigation, whether each case was closed within a reasonable time, and reports on the financial, Party, administrative as well as legal punishments of all the parties involved, the document stated.These will act as a direct response to the tardy progress seen in the investigations of accidents in some areas, the document stated.Nepotism at the local government level has hindered bringing "people responsible for workplace accidents to justice", SAWS director Li Yizhong had earlier said.For example, five people found responsible for a coal mine blast that killed 171 in Heilongjiang Province in November 2005 were jailed only last Saturday. The men were reportedly detained by local police in December 2005 but were released on bail nine months later.The five were arrested again last month, after Li visited the site of the accident and learnt of the case's progress.A notorious and unauthorized coal mine in Chenzhou, Hunan Province, has been making the headlines for its harsh treatment of workers and attempts to cover up accidents. But the mine's chief, Huang Shengfu, reportedly managed to stay in the clear and bought himself out of any legal liability, reported the Oriental Outlook magazine.Eight respective probes into the mine by the central and provincial disciplinary committees as of last month all returned no clear results, the document stated.SAWS said on Sunday that there were about 457,000 workplace accidents reported from January to November this year, representing a decrease of 22.4 percent year-on-year. The number of accident deaths also dropped to 88,923, a year-on-year decrease of 14 percent.During the past 11 months, a total of 83 serious accidents, each of which 10 or more people were killed, claimed a total of 1,380 lives, SAWS reported.

The highly anticipated Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway will begin construction next month, a Ministry of Railways official said.The ministry source, who did not want to be named, confirmed in a phone interview yesterday that preparations are now being made for a ceremony to commence construction of the system.Based on that timeframe, the railway will be completed by 2013. Trains running on the 1,318 km railway will then be able to travel at speeds of up to 350 kph and will cut travel time between the two cities from the current 10 hours to less than five.The project involves one of the largest amounts of investment on railways. Industry sources say it will cost more than 200 billion yuan ( billion), more than the 180 billion yuan needed for the Three Gorges Project.Officials say the project will also employ a set of locally developed high-speed railway technology for the first time.The country is said to have already mastered the technologies needed to lay high-speed rail tracks and trains.The first homegrown train able to reach 300 kph rolled off the production line over the weekend, marking China's entry into "an elite club that includes Japan, France and Germany to become the fourth country capable of making such trains", Wang Yongping, Ministry of Railways spokesman said.Officials added that the railway still relies on foreign companies, such as the Germany-based Siemens, to build its signal network and other systems.China has been upgrading the scale and speed of its railway network in the past decade, and the 11th Five Year Plan period (2006-10) is regarded as a critical period for building high-speed railways that can travel at speeds of 200 kph as part of an extensive transport network.At least eight express passenger railways were being constructed as of last year.Xinhua contributed to the story