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BEIJING, Sept. 30 (Xinhuanet) -- Miners, construction workers and people in hotel and food service industry are most likely to smoke in the U.S., according to new research finding.The finding was contained in a report released Thursday by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).According to the finding, miners and people in hotel and food service have a cigarette smoking rate of 30 percent, followed closely by construction workers' 29.7 percent.Both rates are much higher than the average smoking rate of 19.6 percent among all U.S. working adults.Workers in the education services industry have the lowest smoking rate, with 9.7 percent, followed by the 10.9 percent of workers in company management, the report said.Low education levels are a factor in high smoking rates, along with poverty and gender, said Ann Malarcher, senior scientific adviser at the CDC."Although some progress has been made in reducing smoking prevalence among working adults," the report wrote, "additional effective employer interventions need to be implemented."Smoking kills an estimated 443,000 each year in the U.S., costing about 193 billion U.S. dollars annually in direct health care expenses and productivity loss.

YICHANG, Oct. 30 (Xinhua) -- China's Three Gorges Dam on Sunday reached its designed highest mark, the second time for the world's largest water control and hydropower project to run at full capacity.The water level hit 175 meters at 5 p.m. after storing water for nearly two months from the water level of 152 meters, said an official with the China Three Gorges Project Corporation (CTGPC), the developer of the project.A dozen hydropower turbo-generator units started operation on Sunday, generating power capacity of 8.2 million kw, said the official.The dam in central China's Hubei Province completed its first full-capacity test last October.Operating at full capacity should give full play to the dam's functions of generating hydroelectric power, delivering water to the lower reaches to alleviate spring droughts, and containing water from summer flooding, as required by the State Flood Control and Drought Relief Headquarters.The Three Gorges Project was launched in 1993 with a budget equivalent to 22.5 billion U.S. dollars.So far, monitoring shows the dam is operating smoothly.

OTTAWA, Oct. 26 (Xinhua) -- Canadians are working about three years longer before retirement than they were in the 1990s, and have a longer life in retirement, an official study said Wednesday.Statistics Canada, the federal statistics agency, reports that Canada' s men and women, who don't face compulsory retirement, are increasingly choosing to delay retirement, as part of a long-term trend that has begun before the recent recession.The trend of later retirement dates back to the mid-1990s, when a 50-year-old employee could expect to work another 12.5 years before retiring from the daily grind.Today, that same 50-year-old worker could expect another 16 years of employment.The study says that 34 percent of Canadians aged 55 and older were employed in 2010, compared to just 22 percent in 1996.A longer working life would unnecessarily imply a shorter life in retirement due to increased life expectancy, the study says.The study notes that men and women leaving the work force today are spending as much time in their post-career life as many of their predecessors did.For example, between 1977 and 1994, the typical retirement length for a man in Canada rose from 11.2 to 15.4 years; as of 2008, it was 15 years.For women, the average retirement length similarly rose from 16.4 to 20.6 years between 1977 and 1996; as of 2008, it was 19 years.From another point of observation, 50-year-old men can expect to spend 48 percent of their remaining years of life in retirement in 2008,compared with 45 percent in 1977.In 2008, 50-year-old women could expect to spend 55 percent of their remaining years of life in retirement, nearly identical to the proportion in 1977.

RIO DE JANEIRO, Dec 15 (Xinhua) -- Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff Thursday signed a law banning smoking in public spaces and tobacco advertising at sale places in his country.Smoking in all enclosed public spaces, defined as free access areas used simultaneously by several people, is forbidden in the new law.It also prohibits tobacco advertising such as posters or banners at sale places. Previously the ban was only imposed on TV, radio and billboards advertising.In addition, the law increases the taxes and establishes minimum prices over the tobacco products to discourage buyers, therefore the cigarettes prices are expected to increase 20 percent in 2012 and 55 percent by 2015.Health warnings are also required on both sides of cigarette packs to alert consumers about the consequences of their smoking habit.The law is welcomed by some anti-smoking groups."In addition to protecting the health of its citizens, Brazil has also set an example for the world," said Matthew Myer, president of Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids.

BEIJING, Dec. 2 (Xinhua) -- Medical experts and leaders from the world's leading orthopaedic societies on Friday called for the improvement of health insurance programs and medical care for people in developing countries."Health care should reach the unreached," said Professor H.K.T. Raza, president of the Asia Pacific Orthopaedic Association (APOP), at the Sixth International Congress of Chinese Orthopaedic Association (COA), which is running from Thursday to Sunday in Beijing."If we really want to improve people's well-being, we have to make health care available to those who have difficulty accessing it. Although that will probably be a very difficult task, we should try and do it gradually," said Professor K.M. Chan from the Prince of Wales Hospital in Hong Kong.Statistics from the Ministry of Health show that 1.27 billion Chinese, or 95 percent of the country's population, are covered by basic medical insurance programs.However, private medical insurance accounts for less than 2 percent of the country's health care financing, while private insurance in other countries stands at an average of 20 percent."With the increasing demand for quality health care, there will be higher demand for commercial insurance. With more private health funding in the system, we can increase the quality," Prof. Chan said.Government health care expenditures should be directed toward those who can't afford health care at all, while commercial insurance should cover the needs of those who can afford to purchase it, Prof. Chan said."We need to have different approaches combined together to revamp the current health insurance structure in China," he said."If you want to raise the quality of health care, you need to have the responsibility from the government, the individuals and the insurance system," he added.While China may need to promote its commercial health insurance, in India, the situation is different. Though many medical tourists choose India as their destination for affordable care, health insurance is uncommon in the country.While patients typically pay out of their own pockets for routine care, it is estimated that over 300 million Indians out of a population of 1.2 billion still live on less than one U.S. dollar per day.