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BEIJING,Nov. 9 (Xinhuanet) – Yinghuo-1, China's first interplanetary spacecraft, is set to hitch a ride with Russia's Phobos-Grunt Mars mission in the early hours on Wednesday, after a two-year delay.A Zenit-2SB rocket will carry Yinghuo-1 and Phobos-Grunt into space from the Baikonur Cosmodrome launch site in Kazakhstan.It is China and Russia's first joint Mars operation and also marks China's first voyage to the Red Planet, China Great Wall Industry Corp said in a news release on Tuesday.Yinghuo-1 will work in orbit with Phobos-Grunt for more than 12 months in collecting data on the Martian atmosphere.Both spacecraft will travel for more than 10 months before entering Martian orbit. During the trip, Yinghuo-1's power supply, communications and temperature gauge will be controlled from the Russian craft, scientists said.Both craft will orbit the planet three times before decoupling. The 106-kg Yinghuo-1 will circle Mars in an elliptical orbit, while Phobos-Grunt will actually land on Phobos, one of the two Martian moons, and bring back soil samples to Earth."The collaboration with Russia will enhance China's ability in deep space exploration, improve spacecraft design and development, and promote planetary exploration," said an unnamed official with the corp, a subsidiary of the China Aerospace Science & Technology Corp. Russia's Lavochkin Research and Production Association signed a cooperation contract, based on an agreement between the Chinese and Russian governments, with China Great Wall Industry Corp in 2007.Yinghuo-1, with a two-year lifespan, also has its own scientific goals.These include analyzing the planet's magnetic environment and ionosphere (upper atmosphere), taking images of topographical features and studying gravity fields on the Martian equator.Pang Zhihao, deputy editor-in-chief of the monthly publication, Space International, said China's focus on the planet's upper atmosphere is significant.Twenty detectors have explored parts of Mars, but most of them have looked for traces of life or water or places suitable for setting up colonies, he said.But studying the upper atmosphere is also vital if humans are to live on the planet, he said.The mission was set for October 2009, but later postponed to this year to enhance the reliability of the project.Only the United States, the former Soviet Union and the European Union have succeeded in landing probes on Mars. Five are in operation, four belong to the US and one belongs to the EU.At least 21 probes sent to the planet have failed. The Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology under the CASC, which designed Yinghuo-1 in 23 months, said that the satellite posed a major technological challenge as the furthest space destination for China before had been the moon. The moon's average distance from Earth is about 384,000 km. The distance between Mars and Earth, depending on orbits, ranges from approximately 55 million km to about 350 million km.Yinghuo-1 will have to endure periods in the freezing dark side of the planet.It underwent simulated tests that matched the Martian temperature, - 260 C.Because of the distances involved, the satellite cannot rely on ground control to adjust position. It will rely on its own onboard computer, scientists said.

WASHINGTON, Nov. 24 (Xinhua) -- A new study suggests that the rate of global warming from doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide may be less than the most dire estimates of some previous studies.Authors of the study, which was funded by the National Science Foundation and published online on Thursday in the journal Science, say that global warming is real and that increases in atmospheric CO2 will have multiple serious impacts. However, the most Draconian projections of temperature increases from the doubling of CO2 are unlikely."Many previous climate sensitivity studies have looked at the past only from 1850 through today, and not fully integrated paleoclimate date, especially on a global scale," said Andreas Schmittner, an Oregon State University researcher and lead author on the Science article. "When you reconstruct sea and land surface temperatures from the peak of the last Ice Age 21,000 years ago -- which is referred to as the Last Glacial Maximum -- and compare it with climate model simulations of that period, you get a much different picture.""If these paleoclimatic constraints apply to the future, as predicted by our model, the results imply less probability of extreme climatic change than previously thought," Schmittner added.Scientists have struggled for years trying to quantify "climate sensitivity" -- which is how the Earth will respond to projected increases of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The 2007 IPCC report estimated that the air near the surface of the Earth would warm on average by two to 4.5 degrees (Celsius) with a doubling of atmospheric CO2 from preindustrial standards. The mean, or " expected value" increase in the IPCC estimates was 3.0 degrees; most climate model studies use the doubling of CO2 as a basic index.The researchers based their study on ice age land and ocean surface temperature obtained by examining ices cores, bore holes, seafloor sediments and other factors. When they first looked at the paleoclimatic data, the researchers only found very small differences in ocean temperatures then compared to now."Our study implies that we still have time to prevent that from happening, if we make a concerted effort to change course soon," said Schmittner.

JERUSALEM, Dec. 11 (Xinhua) -- Kfir Damari, a communication systems engineer, has a dream: to land a miniature spacecraft on the moon sometime in 2013.Damari is one of the founders of Team SpaceIL, a non-profit organization representing Israel in the Google Lunar X Competition. The prize: 20 million U.S. dollars to the first of the 26 international teams currently registered that lands an unmanned craft on the moon, moves it a minimum of 500 meters across the lunar surface and transmits live high-resolution images back to earth."It's a tough mission, but I believe that if everyone in Israel joins hands it's possible," Damari told Xinhua.It is exactly the kind of entrepreneurial spirit that Israel, a country largely void of natural resources, counts on to make it a global leader in technological innovation.The two other men behind the initiative are Yonatan Winetraub, 25, a systems engineer at Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) and a graduate of NASA's International Space University, and Yariv Bash, 31, a computer scientist and electronics engineer. The three first met at an innovation conference held by IAI a year ago.They describe the lander as a nano-satellite, whose design was revealed at the project's official inauguration ceremony on Thursday. The vessel weighs 100 kg, 80 percent of which are fuel, and is outfitted with rocket boosters and a panoramic camera."It's somewhat of a cellular phone sitting on a large fuel tank. All the technology that we require is basically contained in a typical smartphone with its communication and imaging features," Damari said.Launched in 2007, the Lunar X Prize aims to encourage space enthusiasts and engineers worldwide to develop cheap technologies for robotic space exploration.The Israelis have slated a modest 15 million U.S. dollars for the endeavor, 90 percent of which must come from private contributions according to the competition's rules. They have already raised 3.5 million dollars.The fact that they have formed a non-profit NGO in itself is worthy of praise. Most other teams have obtained the patronage of private corporations for whom money is not a problem, with some reportedly allotting up to 100 million U.S. dollars.To compensate for the disparities in funding, Damari and his partners have enlisted the support of 120 local volunteers, many of them engineers holding top positions in the technological and scientific community as well as the country's leading defense industries.Rona Ramon, the widow of Israeli astronaut Ilan Ramon killed aboard the Columbia Space Shuttle in 2003, was one of the sponsors too.In a bid to keep costs down, SpaceIL is heavily relying on the existing knowledge accumulated by Israel's defense industries over the past decades in building and launching mainly small, lightweight communications and military surveillance satellites into space.The challenge, Damari said, is to take that know-how a step further. The professionals who have volunteered for the project, among them some of Israel's most revered space experts, are currently grappling with several issues, including the ignition system, optic-visual navigation, beaming imagery to earth and the intricacies of enabling the nano-satellite a smooth lunar landing.SpaceIL is still searching for a third party that they will lease to launch their vehicle into space. Once there, they will have to navigate it to the moon on their own.While 20 million U.S. dollars is a major motivator for anyone, the Israelis said they're not seeking personal gain, but rather plan to invest the prize money in the vision that originally prompted their registration in December last year: inspiring the country's younger generation to pursue engineering and the sciences and to dream big, just like Neil Armstrong did when he disembarked from the Apollo 11 and took the first step on the moon in 1969.The funds, they said, will be funneled to educational programs that seek to rejuvenate youths' interest in science disciplines, which have been on the decline in the country's high schools in recent decades."We hope to attract the next generation of kids, to enable them to be engineers and scientists and to make sure that we have more people that can build spaceships in Israel in the future," said Damari.He and the other men behind the initiative also acknowledge that their motives are no less driven by patriotism. Winning the Lunar X has the potential to create national pride and put Israel "on the map as a start-up nation" by accomplishing a feat reserved for superpowers."The moon is something you see every day. I think that for me personally, space exploration is the way to enlist the nation to do something that has not yet been done," said Damari, who started programming aged six and wrote his first computer virus aged 11."It's also about exploring new borders, going the distance. (The project) will leverage Israel's space industry. I'm sure that all the industries that will partner with us will learn a lot and develop new applications, especially for the civilian market," he said.On Thursday, Israeli President Shimon Peres, whose name has become synonymous with the nation's hi-tech industries, honored the trio by unveiling their model at the ceremony held at MABAT -- IAI's missiles and space division near Tel Aviv."More than Israel is leading technology, it is likely to lead Israel. It's the key to our economy ... If they win the prize, and I'm sure they will, it will also reward Israel with the deepest appreciation and the best deterrence," Peres told a crowd of senior executives from local defense industries."I admire your audacity and vision," he complimented the three scientists.Will they realize their ambition? Damari expressed humble optimism, "It's not easy, but certainly possible ... We believe we can win."

WASHINGTON, Jan. 16 (Xinhua) -- A new study examining weather patterns around the worldwide pandemics of influenza, which caused widespread death and illness in 1918, 1957, 1968 and 2009, finds that each of them was preceded by La Nina conditions in the equatorial Pacific. The study findings are published online Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science.The study's authors -- Jeffrey Shaman of Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health and Marc Lipsitch of the Harvard School of Public Health -- note that the La Nina pattern is known to alter the migratory patterns of birds, which are thought to be a primary reservoir of human influenza. The scientists theorize that altered migration patterns promote the development of dangerous new strains of influenza.To examine the relationship between weather patterns and influenza pandemics, the researchers studied records of ocean temperatures in the equatorial Pacific in the fall and winter before the four most recent flu pandemics emerged. They found that all four pandemics were preceded by below-normal sea surface temperatures -- consistent with the La Nina phase of the El Nino- Southern Oscillation.The authors cite other research showing that the La Nina pattern alters the migration, stopover time, fitness and interspecies mixing of migratory birds. These conditions could favor the kind of gene swapping or genetic reassortment that creates novel and therefore potentially more variations of the influenza virus."We know that pandemics arise from dramatic changes in the influenza genome. Our hypothesis is that La Nina sets the stage for these changes by reshuffling the mixing patterns of migratory birds, which are a major reservoir for influenza," says Shaman.Changes in migration not only alter the pattern of contact among bird species, they could also change the ways that birds come into contact with domestic animals like pigs. Gene-swapping between avian and pig influenza viruses was a factor in the 2009 swine flu pandemic.

SAN FRANCISCO, Jan. 12 (Xinhua) -- Microsoft on Thursday announced a patent licensing agreement with LG Electronics covering the South Korean manufacturer's tablets, smartphones and other consumer devices running Google's Android or Chrome operating system.In a press release, Microsoft said it marks the 11th deal with a device manufacturer leveraging Google's operating system platform, noting that "more than 70 percent of all Android smartphones in the U.S. are now receiving coverage under Microsoft 's patent portfolio."Terms of the deal were not disclosed. So far, Microsoft has struck major cross-licensing patent agreements with HTC, Samsung and Acer, among others.Last September, Microsoft announced a broad patent deal with Samsung. U.S. media reports cited South Korean media as saying that Microsoft had wanted Samsung to pay 10 to 15 U.S. dollars for each Android device.The booming mobile market has been harassed by acrimonious legal battles over patent infringement. Being an open source operating system, Google's Android has become a major target of patent suits.Microsoft has been going after companies that make phones and tablets running Android, rather than directly against Google. But the two tech giants are still engaged in public spats over the issue after Google's top legal officer posted a scathing blog last August accusing Microsoft and other companies of waging "a hostile, organized campaign against Android."Motorola Mobility, which Google announced to acquire in a 12.5 billion-dollar deal last August, currently is the last major Android device vendor that refuses to take a license from Microsoft.Frank Shaw, Microsoft's head of communications, used Twitter to taunt Google on Thursday, twitting "Hey Google -- we are the 70 percent" with a link to their press release.Brad Smith, Microsoft's executive vice president and general counsel, also tweeted "it's time to recognize that in patent world, lawsuits are the 1 percent; license agreements are the 99 percent. "Google so far has made no comments on the Microsoft-LG patent deal.