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It’s been one month since Hurricane Laura, but communities are a long way from recovery. "People are suffering from devastation down here," said Jeffrey Simpson, who lost his home in Lake Charles in the storm.Rev. Angela Bulhof, of the University United Methodist Church, said the entire community around her Louisiana house of worship is still struggling weeks after the disaster. 390

It’s been one month since Hurricane Laura, but communities are a long way from recovery. "People are suffering from devastation down here," said Jeffrey Simpson, who lost his home in Lake Charles in the storm.Rev. Angela Bulhof, of the University United Methodist Church, said the entire community around her Louisiana house of worship is still struggling weeks after the disaster. 390

It's no secret that smoking and secondhand smoke are not good for your health. But a new study shows just how detrimental secondhand smoke is for children. "In past studies, we found up to nearly one-in-two children who come to the pediatric emergency department are exposed to tobacco smoke," said Dr. Ashley Merianos, an associate professor in the School of Human Services at the University of Cincinnati. Dr. Merianos led the study, comparing 380 children living with a tobacco smoker with 1,140 children who are not. The ethnically diverse study found that the children exposed to secondhand smoke at home were more likely to be hospitalized."We also found that the children who had been exposed had increased respiratory-related procedures, increased diagnostic testing. So, for example, being tested for the flu and laboratory testing, as well as radiologic testing, including x-rays of the chest and lateral airways," said Dr. Merianos.The children who were exposed to secondhand smoke were also more likely to be prescribed medications like steroids or inhalers. "Our findings highlight the need to universally screen for tobacco smoke exposure during every pediatric healthcare visit and provide interventions to reduce and prevent exposure among patients and their families," said Dr. Merianos.Dr. Merianos says intervention is key since hospital emergency departments mostly treat underserved patients with high tobacco use and limited access to information about quitting."I think right now, with the COVID-19 pandemic, there has never been a better time to quit. And the reason I say that is we know that there is emerging evidence that both smoking and vaping make it more likely that you have COVID and more severe COVID symptoms," said Dr. Susan Walley, the Chair of American Academy of Pediatric's section on Nicotine and Tobacco Prevention and Treatment. Dr. Walley says she's not surprised by the results of the University of Cincinnati's study, adding that secondhand smoke exposure has short-and-long-term health effects on children."Children who have secondhand smoke exposure are more likely to have ear infections, pneumonia, asthma and if they have asthma, more likely to have more severe asthma attacks like we see in this study," said Dr. Walley.Dr. Walley says children exposed to tobacco smoking parents or older siblings are also more likely to smoke themselves as they get older. Doctors hope the study highlights the importance of encouraging parents to quit tobacco use for good, for the sake of their own health and the children they love. 2581

It’s been four months since most of the nation’s schools abruptly shut down because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Now, schools are considering reopening, while COVID-19 cases continue to rise. So what’s changed that supposedly makes a return to campus safe?“Occasionally you have schools close because there's an outbreak of measles or flu or something like that, but not to this scale,” Dr. Elizabeth Hinde, Dean of the School of Education at Metropolitan State University of Denver, said.Districts are scrambling to figure out how to return to school this fall as COVID-19 continues to spread across the U.S.Back in March, almost every school was forced to close, a mindset much different than today's.So what has changed? We sat down with a global health affairs professor, an education expert, and an infectious disease doctor to look at the changes between now and four months ago.Within the span of a week, states told their schools to shut down.“When everything closed down in March, we were comforting a new disease, we were terrified at what it could do,” Dr. Sandy Johnson, director of the global health affairs program at the University of Denver, said.Little was known about COVID-19.“School closures are always a part of the mitigation strategy along with quarantine, stay at home orders, etcetera,” Dr. John Hammer, an infectious disease specialist at Rose Medical Center, said. “The difference between March and now is that we have a better sense of how the virus works. How it’s transmitted.”There’s more to this decision than a better understanding of the virus.“When we’re talking about whether or not schools should open, another factor is the loss in achievement and also there are equity issues that have really come to the fore” Dr. Hinde said.Kids finished the school year from home -- some didn't have the proper tools or the support of a school, opening the door for inequity.“We know that there are mental health issues,” Dr. Johnson said. “Our front line social workers that are looking for domestic violence and we know domestic violence has been going up. So there are many important roles in addition to education that come in those schools.” This also includes food and housing insecurity.Another factor in consideration -- teacher health.“These folks are balancing fear. Fear for their health, fear for the health of their families, with this real desire. They understand how important education is,” Dr. Johnson said.“There's just no definitive answers that principals and superintendents and teachers can lean on,” Dr. Hinde said.What was a state decision in the spring has now been put on the shoulders of school districts, as they weigh the pros and cons of returning to in-person learning.“Every school board, every school district, has to make a very tough decision. It is a very delicate balancing act,” Dr. Hammer said.“Local control is a strength in American schools, but it does make decision making very complex, because the superintendents of schools and principals are listening to all these different voices,” Dr. Hinde said.From teacher health and safety, to inequities in learning and the mental health of children, school leaders have a lot of elements to look at when it comes to opening classroom doors.“I think in the next couple weeks we’ll see decisions made,” Dr. Hinde said. “All of this, it’s a new world.” 3367

In mid-July, California’s department of transportation, known as CalTrans, was supposed to break ground on a highway construction project that was expected to take 18 days.The work was to repair and repave 800 feet of the busy 101 Freeway that connects San Francisco to the mainland, but the work never started because the project wrapped up in April, months before it was originally expected to begin."In the Bay Area, it was one of our busier years,” said CalTrans spokesman Bart Ney.The only reason contractors were able to start and complete the project months ahead of schedule was because of COVID-19.“We had to reduce traffic in normal situations by 30%, which was going to be very difficult,” said Ney. "In this case, we already had about a 40% traffic reduction because of people staying home for COVID-19.”In Colorado, something similar happened as plans to add an express lane through the main mountain corridor were able to accelerate a month.“It was over a 50% drop in traffic,” said Colorado Department of Traffic spokeswoman Presley Fowler.In April, the Federal Highway Administration says Americans drove 40% fewer miles than they did during the same time in 2019. It allowed projects in Nevada, Arizona, Wisconsin, Texas, Virginia, and Florida to all start ahead of schedule as well.The reduction in traffic didn’t only speed up work timelines, it also increased safety for workers as they could work during daylight hours that typically would have been off limits because of rush hour traffic. It also allowed states to save taxpayers millions in worker payroll.“You would quantify that impact in numbers in the tens of millions of dollars,” said Ney of the Highway 101 project.But as some states sped up their projects, others had to apply the brakes to theirs. The reduction in traffic volume hurt states in the pocket when it comes to gas tax revenue. Starting in March, states started seeing their biggest loss in gas tax revenue in decades as some had to defer billions in repair projects, saying they were short billion in funding.To help, Congress has been working on a transportation bill since road work was left out of the CARES Act, but that still has not passed.As states have reopened their economies, traffic volume has resumed to around 80% of its pre-COVID-19 levels. That will help with gas tax revenue. But at the same time, it will take some projects out of the fast lane. 2421