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SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — The topic of voter fraud has been in the spotlight more than usual this election cycle, with President Donald Trump encouraging supporters to volunteer as poll watchers and tweeting about election-related fraud at least eight times in the last week.There are several categories of voter fraud, including ineligible voting by non-citizens or felons; or double voting, when someone illegally casts more than one ballot.Voter fraud is cheating by voters themselves, which is distinct from other forms of election malfeasance, and there have been dozens of studies aimed at measuring it over the last few years.There are essentially two types of academic research on voter fraud: studies that examine documented cases of voter fraud, such as ones mentioned in news articles or criminal prosecutions; and studies that try to predict how much fraud might be going undetected, using advanced statistics and artificial intelligence techniques.Pam Smith, the former president of the non-partisan Verified Voting Foundation, summarizes the research on documented voter fraud this way: “There's an infinitesimal amount of voter fraud where a voter is intentionally doing something fraudulent.”A 2007 study by the Brennan Center at New York University calculated the rate of voter fraud in three elections in the early 2000s at between 0.0003% to 0.0025%.The odds of being struck by lightning in a given year is 0.0002%.The Heritage Foundation, a conservative think tank, keeps a database of known cases of voter fraud. It now has 1,298 examples.The examples date back to 1982 and cover both presidential and off-year contests. There were more than 1 billion votes cast in presidential contests alone during that span.But those are the known cases. What about undetected cases of voter fraud?This is an area of study called election forensics, where researchers use advanced statistics and machine learning to estimate irregularities.One study by researchers at Harvard and Stanford universities looked at voter registration data in the 2012 election and used algorithms to estimate that the maximum amount of double voting was .02%, or 1 out of every 4,000 ballots.But the researchers also showed that most, if not all, of these possible double votes, could have actually been innocent clerical errors. The researchers audited poll books in Philadelphia and found a 1% error rate; an error rate of 1.3% would be enough to explain all of the irregularities.There are other kinds of fraud, called election fraud, like the illegal ballot harvesting in North Carolina’s 9th District in 2018. But Smith, of Verified Voting, said those cases are actually easier to catch because they typically involve multiple people.In the very rare cases when they do happen, judges can order an election re-do.“Fraud on any kind of massive scale, as we've heard talked about, that doesn't happen,” Smith said. “And there are safeguards and guardrails in place to prevent it.”Smith said California’s guardrails include pre-election testing of voting machines and other equipment and audits after the election.California voters can also sign up for a free tool called “Where’s My Ballot?” The service will send automated alerts the moment your ballot is received and counted. 3270

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) – The two candidates hoping to become San Diego’s next mayor cast their ballots on Tuesday morning, and both Democrats had messages to voters on Election Day.Barbara Bry and her husband dropped off their ballots at a library in La Jolla on Tuesday. The day before, Bry spent time with her supporters and worked to drum up more support from voters.With his family by his said, Todd Gloria cast his ballot on Tuesday at the County Registrar of Voters in Kearny Mesa. On Monday, he had Gov. Gavin Newsom help him campaign through a virtual phone bank.After carrying out their civic duty, both candidates had messages for San Diego voters.“People hear our message of change for our city. Our focus isn’t on small issues like vacation rentals and scooters, but the big issues like homelessness, housing affordability, and transportation,” Gloria said.Bry said, “We built a grassroots volunteer effort with residents from all over this city. We knew from the beginning we were fighting against the special interest, special interest that has spent more than a million dollars running negative attack ads against me.”The most recent ABC 10News/San Diego Union-Tribune scientific poll shows this race essentially in a dead heat. 1245

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) - Three animal rights activists have been banned from SeaWorld San Diego following a demonstration at an orca show this year.A San Diego Superior Court order issued Thursday banned three protestors affiliated with People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) from entering SeaWorld San Diego and Aquatica San Diego, SeaWorld said in a statement.Included in that ban were Ricky Rodriguez, Lyanne Fernandez, and Lisa Lange, PETA's senior vice president of communications. The order lasts for three years.RELATED: Actor James Cromwell protests SeaWorld San Diego orca show"We are very pleased with this court order," Marilyn Hannes, president of SeaWorld San Diego, said. "We said from the beginning of this case that a safe environment for our employees, guests, and animals is and will always be our top priority, and we will not tolerate this type of behavior in our parks."The three protestors are also legally prohibited from harassing, threatening, or committing violence against 10 SeaWorld employees named in the court documents.The court order stems from a July 24 incident in which the protestors disrupted an "Orca Encounter" presentation. Seaworld said these three protestors displayed "violent and aggressive behavior" toward security staff and refused to leave.RELATED: PETA protesters wore orca-style wetsuits at SeaWorld's Aquatica San DiegoPETA provided a statement to 10News following the court order, saying: 1470

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — The Rail in Hillcrest, also known as San Diego's first gay bar, is officially back open following a monthslong closure due to the coronavirus pandemic. The Rail's owner Gayle Santillan talked with ABC 10News anchor Lindsey Pena about the bar's history, the struggle to survive during COVID-19, and how they're pushing forward despite the many challenges they've faced this year. 405

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) - The Thanksgiving holiday brings closures in the City of San Diego. All federal, state, and city offices will be closed on Thanksgiving Day, the city reported. Other key schedule changes include: One-day delay in trash and recycling pickup for customers served by the Environmental Services DepartmentAll public buildings in Balboa ParkParking meters will not be enforced in the City of San DiegoLibrariesRecreation CentersChollas LakeMission Trails Regional Park Visitor CenterTecolote Nature CenterMiramar LandfillRELATED: San Diego restaurants serving up three-course Thanksgiving dinnersOpen normal hours:Golf courses will be open with holiday ratesSkate parksSan Vicente Reservoir 711