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WASHINGTON, Nov. 7 (Xinhua) -- U.S. researchers have demonstrated for the first time that the brain is a key player in regulating glucose (sugar) metabolism in humans.The findings, published Monday in the online edition of the Journal of Clinical Investigation, suggest that drugs targeting the brain and central nervous system could be a novel approach to treating diabetes."The brain is the body's only organ that needs a constant supply of glucose to survive, so it makes sense that it would have some say over how much glucose is produced," said study leader Meredith Hawkins, professor of medicine and director of the Global Diabetes Initiative at Yeshiva University, in a statement. "This role for the brain was demonstrated in earlier studies in rodents, but there was considerable controversy over whether the results could be applied to humans. We hope this study helps to settle the matter."In an earlier study in rodents, researchers showed that activation of potassium channels in the brain's hypothalamus sends signals to the liver that dampen its production of glucose. Those findings, published in Nature in 2005, challenged the conventional thinking that blood sugar production by the liver (the body's glucose factory) is regulated only by the pancreas (which makes insulin to metabolize glucose). But carefully performed studies on dogs, conducted at Vanderbilt University, failed to replicate the results, suggesting the Einstein findings in rodents might not be relevant to higher mammals, including humans.The current study, involving people, was aimed at resolving this controversy. Ten nondiabetic subjects were given oral diazoxide, a drug that activates potassium channels in the hypothalamus. (The drug is not used to treat diabetes.) Hormone secretion by the pancreas was controlled to ensure that any change in sugar production would only have occurred through the drug's effect on the brain. After the researchers administered the drug, blood tests revealed that patients' livers were producing significantly less glucose than before.Hawkins and her team then repeated this in rats, again giving diazoxide orally, achieving similar results. They confirmed that sufficient amounts of diazoxide crossed the blood-brain barrier to affect potassium channels in the hypothalamus. Additional experiments confirmed that diazoxide was working through the brain. Specifically, the researchers were able to completely block the effects of diazoxide by infusing a specific potassium channel blocker directly into the brain."This study confirms that the brain plays a significant role in regulating glucose production by the liver," said lead author Preeti Kishore, assistant professor of medicine. "We are now investigating whether this 'brain-to-liver' pathway is impaired in people with diabetes. If so, we may be able to restore normal glucose regulation by targeting potassium channels in the brain."

UNITED NATIONS, Nov. 1 (Xinhua) -- China on Tuesday urged the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to further strengthen its leading role in enhancing global nuclear safety and promoting relevant international cooperation.Wang Min, Chinese deputy representative to the United Nations, made the remarks at an open meeting of the 66th session of UN General Assembly on the IAEA report.IAEA shoulders important responsibilities in promoting peaceful uses of nuclear energy and preventing nuclear proliferation, Wang said, adding that it needs to further summarize experiences and lessons of the Fukushima nuclear accident, assisting member states to enhance nuclear safety and emergency response capabilities.Wang urged the IAEA to "increase technical assistance to developing countries, improve newcomer's national nuclear infrastructure and promote the safe, secure and sustainable development of nuclear energy."The IAEA was also asked to strengthen nuclear safeguards regime, effectively prevent nuclear proliferation, and maintain an objective and impartial stand on sensitive and hot nuclear issues.China has always adhered to the principle of "safety first", he said. "China has established a rather comprehensive legal and standards system on nuclear safety, put in place an independent and effective supervision and regulatory framework, set up a comprehensive emergency response mechanism, and keep a good safety record in general."China has decided to contribute 200,000 U.S. dollars to the Nuclear Security Fund of the IAEA for the purpose of enhancing nuclear security capability of the Asia-Pacific Region, Wang added.

BEIJING, Dec. 24 (Xinhua) -- A senior Chinese official has urged to improve work in the country's judicial administrative departments.Zhou Yongkang, a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, made the remarks at a meeting honoring excellent individuals and collectives in the judicial administrative sector in the past five years.Zhou commended the contributions that the judicial administrative departments have made to social stability, the building of socialist legal system, and the development of the society and economy, asking those being honored to make persistent efforts to serve the people.Zhou urged the judicial administrative organs at all levels to make new progress in serving the development by enhancing law awareness and providing high quality legal services.He also called for building grassroots mediation organizations that people can rely on, in order to resolve disputes in the grassroots and nip them in the bud.Labor education and rehabilitation in jails, as well as the community rehabilitation programs that can help law offenders successfully return and reintegrate into society, should be further improved, Zhou said, adding that it will also help enhance the social harmony by preventing repeated crimes.

BEIJING, Dec. 25 (Xinhua) -- A total of 14,976 cases of medical disputes were handled by the country's emerging third-party mediation organizations, with over 80 percent of them being successfully settled, said Vice Health Minister Zhang Mao.Zhang told Xinhua recently in an exclusive interview that China has to date set up 1,358 third-party mediation organizations to settle medical disputes.The third-party mediation organizations have come into being since late 2009 which usually hire retired doctors, medical experts and lawyers to bridge the communication gaps between doctors and patients and direct patients to resort to legal means in settling medical disputes.The third-party mediation system for medical disputes is a latest reform to ease doctor-patient tension that sometimes escalate into violence.Such incidents erupted several times this year, and in an extreme case in September, a 43-year-old surgeon in Beijing Tongren Hospital was stabbed by a patient into serious injury. The attack was believed to have been triggered by a medical dispute in which the patient alleged that the surgeon had committed malpractice during an operation.

CANBERRA, Oct. 4 (Xinhua) -- A visiting U.S. obesity expert, Kelly Brownell, on Tuesday called on Australia to make a start on taxing high-sugar soft drinks.As director of U.S. Yale University's Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, Professor Brownell is in Canberra of Australia to attend the 46th Australian Psychological Society Annual Conference.He said soft drinks were a good place to start in the taxing of high-sugar foods because they were the single greatest source of added sugar in the average person's diet, had absolutely no nutritional value, were marketed aggressively and were linked with the risk for obesity and diabetes.While obesity has overtaken smoking as the leading cause of premature death and illness in Australia, he said the government should tax soft drinks in the same way it taxes cigarettes, because research showed that taxes had been the strongest influence on falling rates of consumption."We have seen how effective tobacco taxes have been in reducing rates of smoking, so there is no reason to believe such taxes wouldn't be as effective in reducing the consumption of high sugar and fat foods," Brownell, who was named by Time magazine as one of the 100 most influential people in the world, told the conference in Canberra on Tuesday. "A soft-drink tax is a good place to start. "Earlier this week, Denmark became the first country to impose a tax on food containing saturated fats, and Brownell said he completely supports Denmark's policy and that governments should act courageously to do whatever is effective in encouraging better eating habits.According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development report, Australia is ranked as one of the fattest nations in the developed world. The prevalence of obesity in Australia has more than doubled in the past 20 years, with more than 17 million Australians are overweight or obese.

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