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How do astronauts go to the bathroom? It’s a question children have wondered for years, and now NASA wants help creating a better way.In a statement posted on their website, NASA is calling on the entire world to submit design concepts for compact toilets that can operate in both microgravity and lunar gravity.NASA is preparing to return to the Moon by 2024 as part of project Artemis, and as they upgrade other aspects of the flight, they are seeking new ideas for toilet facilities when astronauts are in the cabin and out of their spacesuits.Specially-designed toilets exist on the International Space Station already, however according to NASA, they were designed for microgravity only.NASA and HeroX are offering financial and merchandise rewards for winning design concepts in this Lunar Loo contest.Details about how to enter the contest can be found here. 873

How accurate are the coronavirus tests used in the U.S.?Months into the outbreak, no one really knows how well many of the screening tests work, and experts at top medical centers say it is time to do the studies to find out.When the new virus began spreading, the Food and Drug Administration used its emergency powers to OK scores of quickly devised tests, based mainly on a small number of lab studies showing they could successfully detect the virus.That’s very different from the large patient studies that can take weeks or months, which experts say are needed to provide a true sense of testing accuracy.The FDA’s speedy response came after it was initially criticized for delaying the launch of new tests during a crisis and after the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention stumbled in getting its own test out to states.But with the U.S. outbreak nearly certain to stretch on for months or even years, some experts want the FDA to demand better evidence of the tests’ accuracy so doctors know how many infections might be missed.There have been more than 2 million confirmed coronavirus cases in the U.S. and more than 115,000 deaths, according to data compiled by Johns Hopkins University. Cases in nearly half of U.S. states are rising.In recent weeks, preliminary findings have flagged potential problems with some COVID-19 tests, including one used daily at the White House. Faulty tests could leave many thousands of Americans with the incorrect assumption that they are virus-free, contributing to new flare-ups of the disease as communities reopen.“In the beginning, the FDA was under a lot of pressure to get these tests onto the marketplace,” said Dr. Steven Woloshin of Dartmouth College, who wrote about the issue in the New England Journal of Medicine last week. “But now that there are plenty of tests out there, it’s time for them to raise the bar.”The FDA said in a statement that it has already asked multiple test makers to do follow-up accuracy studies, although it didn’t say for how many of the more than 110 authorized screening tests. The agency also said it is tracking reports of problems. Accuracy has also been an issue with blood tests that look for signs of past infections.No screening test is 100% accurate. So details on accuracy are routinely provided for tests of all types, including seasonal flu, hepatitis, HIV and cancers. For example, rapid flu tests are known to miss 20% or more of all cases, a factor doctors weigh when treating patients who have symptoms but test negative.For now, most COVID-19 tests in the U.S. don’t give data on real-world performance, including how often the tests falsely clear patients of infection or falsely detect the virus. That information is lacking for all but a few of the roughly 80 commercial screening tests available, according to an Associated Press review.The government’s emergency authorization process “requires a lower level of evidence,” the agency said. Makers need only show that a test “may be effective” instead of the usual requirement to demonstrate “safety and effectiveness.” They would have to meet that higher threshold once the U.S. government declares the emergency over.Many of the commercial test makers submitted results from 60 samples, the minimum number required and mostly used lab-produced specimens of the virus. The FDA now recommends the use of nasal swabs or other real samples from people screened for coronavirus.Experts say larger patient studies patients are needed to assess a test’s true performance.Lab testing bears little resemblance to actual — sometimes imperfect — conditions at hospitals, clinics and testing sites noted Dr. Robert Kaplan of Stanford University.“You’re testing people in parking lots, the patients themselves are extremely anxious and often unable to follow instructions,” said Kaplan, a former associate director of the National Institutes of Health.Kaplan and others say those differences could explain why some tests are not performing as expected.Last month, the FDA warned doctors of a potential accuracy problem with Abbott Laboratories’ rapid ID Now test, which delivers results in roughly 15 minutes. The test has been lauded by President Donald Trump and used to screen the president, his staff and visitors to the White House.The FDA alert followed a preliminary report by New York University that found Abbott’s test missed between a third to one-half of infections caught by a rival test in patients screened for the virus.Abbott rejected the findings, saying the researchers did not follow the instructions for using its test. The company pointed to alternate patient studies, including its own, that have found the test successfully detects between 91% and 95% or more of virus cases when compared to other tests.But similar problems with ID NOW’s accuracy have been flagged in preliminary reports by researchers at Stanford University, Loyola University and the Cleveland Clinic.For now, the FDA is requiring Abbott to conduct follow-up studies in several different patient groups.The FDA’s emergency standards “are still high but there is a significant difference in the body of work that what would go into a submission under the normal process,” said Abbott vice president John Hackett. “Our normal process takes years to bring these out.”Requiring bigger studies of all coronavirus tests could provide valuable information, but it could also strain the FDA’s already stretched staff and resources, said Dr. Daniel Schultz, former director of the FDA’s medical device center.Dr. Colin West of the Mayo Clinic worries doctors and patients have put too much confidence in the current crop of tests, when an unknown number of patients with COVID-19 are likely receiving false negative results.Even a modest error rate can have grave consequences during an outbreak like COVID-19. West gives the example of a test that is 95% accurate at detecting the virus and is used on 1 million people. That would still result in 50,000 people being incorrectly told that they don’t have the virus.“The negative test does not mean that I’m off the hook,” West said. “We just need to maintain that level of vigilance until we have a better sense of how good these tests really can be.”___Follow Matthew Perrone on Twitter: @AP_FDAwriter.___Follow AP pandemic coverage at http://apnews.com/VirusOutbreak and https://apnews.com/UnderstandingtheOutbreak.___The Associated Press Health and Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content. 6604

In a survey of 1,000 small business owners conducted by the US Chamber of Commerce, 57% ranked the economy as the first or second most important issue influencing their vote in the 2020 Election. With 30.2 million small businesses in the US, according to 2018 US figures, these voters make up a significant chunk of the electorate. “Small businesses provide so much to our economy,” Pete Mikulin, CEO of 3R Technology Solutions said. The company focuses on electronics recycling and data destruction.“We’re fortunate in that we’re OK. We’re just OK,” he said. The pandemic hit businesses hard like Mikulin's hard. “It wouldn’t take much right now to ruin, completely destroy the small business landscape.”Many are not sure what the future holds.“Your plans go out the window,” Mikulin said. “So you deal with it everyday, day by day, and it’s survival.”“It feels like we’re alone. It feels like there's no one in our corner as a small business owner,” he added.“There’s concern of the small businesses that not enough attention is being paid to them in Washington, that Washington is looking at some of the bigger items in the election and they’re forgetting about the fact that small businesses is the major driver of our economy,” Mac Clouse, business expert for over 40 years and professor at University of Denver, said.“The stock market is a general indicator of what's going on with stock prices, and stock prices are usually reflective of your larger firms, firms that are publicly traded,” he said. “That really doesn't measure what's happening with the mom and pop businesses, the small businesses. The only way we know how they’re doing is to ask them.”Of those surveyed, 78% said the economy was “average," “somewhat average," or “very poor” in August.“When you have people saying the stock market is doing great but 78% of business owners are saying the opposite, clearly there's a breakdown, not in what's being discussed, but what is meaningfully being discussed and taken action on,” Carlin Walsh, Owner and CEO of Elevation Beer Company, said. His business was impacted by shutdowns and restrictions.“Total, our revenue was cut 60% for what we normally would be,” he said. “I am not comfortable with what the next three to four months brings, so because of that, we've been putting more money than usual into savings.”Without the same safety net some of the larger companies have, small businesses are taking things day by day.“For them, what’s important is what’s going to happen in the next three to six months,” Clouse said.Many are waiting to see if they’ll see any help from the government. Surveys from the U.S. Chamber of Commerce show a majority of small business owners are more interested in the 2020 election compared to 2016.“We need our elected leaders to come together and provide targeted relief to the industries of small businesses that have been most deeply impacted, and that doesn't necessarily mean financial help although that's required as well,” Mikulin said. “All we’d like to do is keep our doors open and people employed. That’s it. That’s all.” 3095

If you haven’t heard of Virgin Hyperloop One by now, pay attention; The company is making huge advancements in the race to develop the future of transportation.Imagine traveling between cities that are hundreds of miles apart in just a matter of minutes. The company says not only are they close to making it a reality, they're closer to doing it than you might think.In May, Virgin Hyperloop One orchestrated a test track, called DevLoop, in the middle of a desert miles outside of Las Vegas. It was the first full-scale test of the hyperloop concept, which was first introduced by Elon Musk in 2014.  Dr. Anita Sengupta, senior vice president at Hyperloop One, leads the team in charge of making this technology come together. Prior to joining Virgin Hyperloop One, Dr. Sengupta spent most of her career at NASA and was a member of the team that helped land a rover on Mars.“I spent most of my career working at NASA. I'm used to working with vacuum chambers; I'm used to working with electromagnetic propulsion systems," says Dr. Sengupta.Working on hyperloop reminds her of working on spacecraft, traveling hundreds of miles per hour through a vacuum tube in a magnetically levitating pod. Each pod is designed to fit 9 to 12 people. She believes it will remind passengers of a plane, but better."You don't have the traditional experiences you have in aircraft,” she explains. “There's no such thing as turbulence, right, because you actually have no air around you on the outside of the pod, so the ride is actually going to be a lot smoother. You're not even going to be able to tell that you're going that fast."Their last speed test reached 240 miles per hour, only limited, she says, by the length of the track. At full speed, they want to see pods travel about 700 miles per hour."Faster than a commercial airplane," says Dr. Sengupta.Hyperloop One hopes to have tracks operating within the next two to three years."I think it’s fair to say by 2023, we could have an operational hyperloop," she says.Right now, the company is working on feasibility studies in several states, to see where they could build their first routes."This would be a service that everyday people can use,” says Dr. Sengupta. “Otherwise, it doesn't make sense to build it. "Hyperloop One isn’t the only company working to make the hyperloop concept a reality. Musk and SpaceX have been explicit that the concept be open-sourced, encouraging others to develop the transportation. The tech mogul, as well as another company called Hyperloop Transportation Technologies, are in the race and working on their own hyperloop plans.So, how much will this cost? Who will pay for it?  Virgin Hyperloop One anticipates a public-private partnership."When it comes to infrastructure projects, you need to have a strong coalition of government, business community, and local community," says Dr. Sengupta.In the meantime, she and her team will keep working."This is high time to come up with a new mode of mass transportation, she says."We are reinventing transportation and doing it out here in the desert."Earlier this month, the company announced plans to build a 0 million research center in Bobadilla, a tiny village in southern Spain. It will be the Los Angeles-based company’s first off-site location in Europe.The site is slated to open in 2020 and will be used to test, develop and certify components to improve safety and reliability of their systems. The company plans to hire 200 to 300 high-tech workers for the center.Last week, it was reported Virgin Hyperloop One would open their first office outside the U.S. in Dubai. Learn more about Virgin Hyperloop One here. 3692

If you've never tried cold brew coffee, now is your chance! If you love cold brew coffee, today is your day to get some for free!Dunkin' Donuts is giving away free 3.5-ounce samples of their cold brew on Friday (April 6) from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m., while supplies last. What is cold brew? It's a special blend of coffee that is crafted by hand in small batches and steeped in cold water for 12 hours. The result is sweeter, almost reminiscent of dark chocolate and smooth and bold. Get more info about Friday's freebie here. 548