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You can think of NASA's Discovery program as a sort of outer-space American Idol: every few years the agency invites scientists to propose unmanned planetary missions. The projects have to address some sort of fundamental science question, and (this is the tough part) they have to be relatively cheap to pull off — say, half a billion dollars or so. Then the proposals go through a grueling competition before judges who aren't as nasty as Simon Cowell but who are every bit as tough. The one left standing at the end gets the equivalent of a recording contract: NASA supplies the funding and the launch vehicle, and away the winner goes — to orbit Mercury, as the Messenger spacecraft is doing right now; or to rendezvous with a couple of asteroids, as the Dawn mission will start doing this July; or to smash into a comet on purpose, a feat achieved by Deep Impact in 2005, a mission not to be confused with the movie of the same name. Now it's time for the next contenders. NASA has just announced that the first round of the latest Discovery competition is over, with three entries out of 28 moving on to the finals. They are, in increasing distance from Earth: the Geophysical Monitoring Station (GEMS) lander, which would use seismometers to study the interior of Mars; the Comet Hopper, which would do just that, leaping from place to place across the surface of Comet 46P/Wirtanen to see how different parts of the tumbling body react to heating by the sun; and the Titan Mare Explorer (TiME), which would plop into a sea of liquid hydrocarbons on Saturn's moon Titan — the first oceangoing vessel ever to set sail on another world. If you had to come up with a theme that ties all three missions together, it would be "origins." The Titan explorer, for example, will be studying a place that — in a crude way, at least — resembles the early planet Earth at a time when life arose here. Titan, with a thick atmosphere and a bizarro-world form of weather featuring toxic winds and hydrocarbon rain, is home to a mix of complex chemistry, complete with organic molecules. The oceans provide a medium in which the molecules can move around and interact with each other. It's even conceivable, though clearly a long shot, that some form of microscopic life already exists on this frigid moon. The Mars lander, by contrast, would visit a place where the seas — plain water in this case — vanished long ago. But the mission of GEMS goes far deeper than that. By analyzing Marsquakes on the Red Planet, GEMS will try to get a handle on what the interior of Mars is like. Scientists don't currently know whether the planet's core is liquid, like Earth's, or solid, or some mushy consistency in between. It all depends on how efficiently Mars has cooled since it formed 4.5 billion years ago, and that depends in turn on the planet's internal structure. "That's the mission," says Bruce Banerdt, of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the lead scientist for GEMS. "We want to understand how Mars was built." Along with sensitive seismographic equipment, GEMS will drill down about 20 ft. (6 m) with a thermometer-equipped probe, trying to figure out how quickly the temperature rises with depth. "That will let us extrapolate all the way down to the center," Banerdt says, "which will tell us how fast Mars is cooling."

BEIJING, Jan. 25 (Xinhua) -- China's 11 government departments have jointly released a guideline outlining major measures to lessen noise pollution amid rising noise disputes and complaints, the Ministry of Environmental Protection said Tuesday.The ministry's spokesperson, Tao Detian, said Tuesday the country saw rising complaints about noise pollution, which has caused an increasingly negative impact on the living environment in recent years.The 26-article guideline focuses on addressing noise pollution in fields including industry, construction, traffic and people's daily lives.Further, the regulation bans businesses from using acoustic instruments outdoors to lure customers.Also, heavy noise polluters are banned from entering industrial parks, according to the guideline.Moreover, motor vehicles should strictly observe speed limits, traffic restrictions and use of auto horns around "noise-sensitive buildings" such as hospitals, schools, government organs, scientific research institutions and residential buildings, it said.According to the guideline, government departments would also impose higher fines on noise polluters and collect fees for "discharges of excessive noise," in accordance with law.The newly issued document calls on various government agencies, such as the ministries on environmental protection, science and technology, public security, finance, housing, transportation and railways, to make coordinated efforts to curb pollution.Further, government organs could launch regular inspection campaigns in major cities, it said.According to the guideline, government agencies will set up a system to examine sound-proof qualities of civilian buildings and provide a list of major noise pollution sources by the end of this year.Also, the guideline ordered major cities to establish an automatic noise monitoring system and to equip each city in the country with at least one noise display screen by the end of 2011.

BEIJING, Feb. 1 (Xinhua) -- A ceremony with a bonfire and firecrackers was held Tuesday night in the new seat of a quake-leveled county in southwest China's Sichuan Province, prior to the Chinese Lunar New Year on Thursday.The Lunar New Year, or Spring Festival, is the most important Chinese holiday. It is a time for family reunions, gift giving and fireworks.It will be even merrier for the survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008, who just moved into their new homes in the new town.The earthquake survivors are preparing for the first Spring Festival in their new homes.Xia Tianfeng of Beichuan County, Mianyang City, is sticking red paper decorations onto the windows of her new house for good luck in the New Year."We finally have our new house. Why wouldn't I be happy?" asked Xia.She and her family lived in a makeshift house for two years before moving into their new house one month ago.Dong Depa, 43, and his family moved into their new house in Yingxiu Town, the epicenter of the quake, five days ago."I can pay off the debt incurred to build the house in two years," said Dong, who spent only 30,000 yuan (4,541 U.S. dollars) for the house's construction and decoration, with the rest being shouldered by the government.Dong lost his two children in the quake but he and his wife have since had another child, a son."Last year, we spent the Spring Festival in the dormitory of the brick factory where I work as a cook. Now we can finally enjoy the festival in our own home," said Dong, unable to conceal his joy.Xia told Xinhua the ceremony for the new county seat was the real taste for a happy new year.Reconstruction has finished in the quake-hit zones in Sichuan, with most survivors now in their new houses.In Beichuan County alone, 96.5 percent of the survivors already have their new house.The new county seat is located in Yongchang Town, about 23 kilometers from the quake-leveled old one.The 8.0-magnitude earthquake struck southwest China on May 12, 2008, leaving about 80,000 people dead or missing.Waving goodbye to their temporary barracks, 7,397 households have been allocated new apartments, among which 3,504 households were former Beichuan residents, while others were from different Wenchuan earthquake-hits regions."The new apartment has already been simply decorated by the time I received the door key. With our new furniture, we can wait no longer to move into the home," said 45-year-old Xie Xinghe, a former resident of Beichuan.Including 50,000 yuan (about 7,575 U.S. dollars) in loans, Xie paid a preferential price of 79,600 yuan (about 12,000 U.S dollars) for the 100 square meter new apartment.Losing his only son in the earthquake, Xie and his wife adopted a one-year-old boy."It is the child who brings me new hope for the future," Xie said. Following the Lunar New Year celebration in his new home, Xie will try his best to work for some years to pay back the loan and save money to ensure a better education for his son."It is such magic to build a new town within three years, even so anywhere around the world. And we see it now," said Xu Zhenxi, director with the headquarter of new town program of Beichuan, which is supported by east China's Shandong Province.From May 25, 2009 to September 25, 2010, Shandong Province supported the new Beichuan county seat project, which was completed within 15 months.

SANAA, Feb. 6 (Xinhua) -- In response to earlier reports that a Chinese-flagged commercial ship was hijacked by Somali pirates off Yemeni coast, the China Maritime Search and Rescue Center (MSA) said Sunday that the ship has never been hijacked, and is now sailing safely with escort of the Chinese anti-piracy navy fleet.Both the "Tien Hau" ship, which was registered in Hong Kong, China, and its 22-member crew, are safe, a MSA official confirmed to Xinhua over the phone. The center contacted the ship to make sure it was safe, he added.The ship had been followed by a suspicious boat for a while, but it was never attacked or hijacked, the official said.Earlier, Yemeni Interior Ministry had said the ship was hijacked by pirates some 20 kilometers off the Yemeni island of Al-Tair off the city port of al-Hudaida, and was heading to Somali coast.The Gulf of Aden is considered as one of the world's most dangerous waters because of rampant piracy.

LOS ANGELES, April 10 (Xinhua) -- Drinking green tea and practicing Taichi may promote bone health of postmenopausal women and reduce the risk of inflammation, a new study suggests.The study, conducted by researchers at the Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health at the Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, focused on postmenopausal women and investigated the potential for green tea to work synergistically with Taichi in enhancing bone strength of postmenopausal women.Originating as a martial art in China, Taichi is a mind-body exercise that utilizes slow, gentle movements to build strength and flexibility, as well as deep breathing and relaxation, to move qi, or vital energy, throughout the body.The study findings were published Sunday at EurekAlert.org, the website of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).Carried out as a double-blind, placebo-controlled, intervention trial (the "holy grail" of scientific studies), this experiment involved 171 postmenopausal women with the average age of 57 who had weak bones but not full-fledged osteoporosis. Subjects were divided into 4 groups -- placebo: starch pill (placebo) and no Taichi; GTP or green tea polyphenols (500 mg/day) and no Taichi; Placebo plus Taichi (starch pill and practising Taichi three times a week); and GTP plus Taichi.The study lasted for 6 months, during which blood and urine samples were collected and muscle strength assessed.The results show that consumption of GTP (at a level equivalent to about four-six cups of steeped green tea daily) and participation in Taichi independently enhanced markers of bone health by three and six months, respectively. A similar effect was found for muscle strength at the 6-month time point. Participants taking Taichi classes also reported significant beneficial effects in quality of life in terms of improving their emotional and mental health.Perhaps most remarkable, however, was the substantial effect that both GTP and Taichi had on biological markers of oxidative stress. Because oxidative stress is a main precursor to inflammation, this finding suggests that green tea and Taichi may help reduce the underlying etiology of not only osteoporosis, but other inflammatory diseases as well.In the study, the researchers developed an animal model (the ovariectomized, middle-aged female rat), with which they could effectively study the effects of green tea consumption on protection against breakdown of the bone's microarchitecture, according to the AAAS.In humans, this can lead to osteoporosis, a condition common to older women. The researchers say what they have learned from the animal models might also be applicable to postmenopausal women.There is a "favorable effect of modest green tea consumption on bone remodeling in this pre-osteoporotic population," said lead researcher Dr. Chwan-Li (Leslie) Shen, an associate professor at the institute.The researchers plan to soon complete a more long-term study utilizing more technically savvy measures of bone density, according to the AAAS.

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