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WASHINGTON, March 4 (Xinhua) -- New data suggest that the epilepsy drug Topamax (topiramate) and its generic versions increase the risk for the birth defects cleft lip and cleft palate in babies born to women who use the medication during pregnancy, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) said Friday in a statement.Before prescribing topiramate, approved to treat certain types of seizures in people who have epilepsy, health care professionals should warn patients of childbearing age about the potential hazard to the fetus if a woman becomes pregnant while using the drug, the FDA said.Topiramate also is approved to prevent migraine headaches, but not to relieve the pain of migraines."Health care professionals should carefully consider the benefits and risks of topiramate when prescribing it to women of childbearing age," said Russell Katz, director of the Division of Neurology Products in the FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. "Alternative medications that have a lower risk of birth defects should be considered."Cleft lip and cleft palate, collectively called oral clefts, are birth defects that occur when parts of the lip or palate do not completely fuse together early in the first trimester of pregnancy, a time when many women do not know they are pregnant.The defects range from a small notch in the lip to a groove that runs into the roof of the mouth and nose, possibly leading to problems with eating, talking, and to ear infections. Surgery often is performed to close the lip and palate and most children do well after treatment.Data from the North American Antiepileptic Drug (AED) Pregnancy Registry indicate an increased risk of oral clefts in infants exposed to topiramate during the first trimester of pregnancy. Infants exposed to topiramate as a single therapy experienced a 1.4 percent prevalence of oral clefts, compared with a prevalence of 0.38 percent - 0.55 percent in infants exposed to other antiepileptic drugs.Infants of mothers who did not have epilepsy and were not being treated with other antiepileptic drugs had a prevalence of 0.07 percent. Similar data from the United Kingdom Epilepsy and Pregnancy Register supported the North American AED Pregnancy Registry data.According to the FDA, before starting topiramate, pregnant women and women of childbearing potential should discuss other treatment options with their health care professional.

CAPE TOWN, April 30 (Xinhua) -- The World Economic Forum on Africa, scheduled on May 2-4 in Cape Town, South Africa, will see participants exchange views on how the continent can turn to the next chapter of development.The meeting, expected to gather a record 900 participants from over 60 countries, will be held under the theme "From Vision to Action, Africa's Next Chapter," organizers said."We chose this theme because we feel it is very relevant for the events that are taking place on this continent, and the opportunity for growth and investment that the international and African communities are seeing," said Katherine Tweedie, head of Africa for the World Economic Forum.Seven of the fastest growing economies in the world in the next five years will be in sub-Saharan Africa, Tweedie noted, saying that a lot of discussion will be devoted to explore drivers behind this growth.Africa's economic growth in recent years have impressed the world. Though being the most underdeveloped continent, Africa have been more resilient than expected during the global economic crisis.The International Monetary Fund (IMF) have predicted that the continent's growth in 2011 will reach 5.3 percent.Under one of the three thematic pillars, "Shaping Africa's Role in the New Reality," the meeting will explore how Africa can take on a leadership role in the new reality and guard against newly emerging global and regional risks. Participants will look at how Africa can strengthen its representation and negotiation capacity on global platforms such as COP 17 and the G20.Meanwhile, the meeting will look into Africa's industrial diversification, which is widely considered as an effective way to increase competitiveness. Discussions under the thematic pillar of "Fostering Africa's News Champions of Growth" will focus on what innovative and entrepreneurial lessons drive Africa's fastest- growing companies, and how can Africa's emerging economies build capacity in science, technology and innovation to move up the value chain.Another topic expected to attract much attention is Africa's inclusive development. In recent years, African decision makers have been looking for ways to attain inclusive development by translating economic growth into better lives for the people.Marcus Courage, managing director of consulting group Africapractice, said ahead of the meeting that Africa must start measuring its economic growth in terms of job creation and progress of value addition of what it produces, rather than the gross domestic product (GDP), if it has to move from vision to action."One of the challenges is that we measure economic success in therms of GDP. That is not fair reflection of action," he told Xinhua.Under the thematic pillar of "Building Partnership for Inclusive Development," participants will debate on how can inclusive growth be put at the heart of a sustainable development agenda for Africa, and how can government of African countries work together with the business sector to distribute more equitably the benefits from the wealth in natural resources, among others.Regarding the highlight of this year's meeting, Tweedie said there will be a strong focus on green growth and the environment agenda, working closely with the South African government, given that South Africa will be hosting the COP 17 meetings in December.The meeting will also have very strong representation from Francophone west Africa for the first time. As a result a good part of the discussions will be focusing on issues taking place in this part of Africa, she added.Although South Africa has hosted the World Economic Forum on Africa for a number of times, this year the host is attracting particular attention.South Africa has joined the BRICS group of countries which also include Brazil, Russia, India and China, becoming the only African member in the grouping. It is also the only country from Africa in G20. In November this year, South African city of Durban will host the 17th Conference of the Parties (COP 17) to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.How can the country speak for Africa in the international arena, and what role can it play in facilitating closer cooperation between developing countries is also expected to draw in-depth discussions at the meeting.Meanwhile, participants are also expected to exchange views on issues including Africa's agriculture development, infrastructure construction, China-Africa cooperation, impact of political situation in North African and the Middle East on Africa's economic development, among others.

You can think of NASA's Discovery program as a sort of outer-space American Idol: every few years the agency invites scientists to propose unmanned planetary missions. The projects have to address some sort of fundamental science question, and (this is the tough part) they have to be relatively cheap to pull off — say, half a billion dollars or so. Then the proposals go through a grueling competition before judges who aren't as nasty as Simon Cowell but who are every bit as tough. The one left standing at the end gets the equivalent of a recording contract: NASA supplies the funding and the launch vehicle, and away the winner goes — to orbit Mercury, as the Messenger spacecraft is doing right now; or to rendezvous with a couple of asteroids, as the Dawn mission will start doing this July; or to smash into a comet on purpose, a feat achieved by Deep Impact in 2005, a mission not to be confused with the movie of the same name. Now it's time for the next contenders. NASA has just announced that the first round of the latest Discovery competition is over, with three entries out of 28 moving on to the finals. They are, in increasing distance from Earth: the Geophysical Monitoring Station (GEMS) lander, which would use seismometers to study the interior of Mars; the Comet Hopper, which would do just that, leaping from place to place across the surface of Comet 46P/Wirtanen to see how different parts of the tumbling body react to heating by the sun; and the Titan Mare Explorer (TiME), which would plop into a sea of liquid hydrocarbons on Saturn's moon Titan — the first oceangoing vessel ever to set sail on another world. If you had to come up with a theme that ties all three missions together, it would be "origins." The Titan explorer, for example, will be studying a place that — in a crude way, at least — resembles the early planet Earth at a time when life arose here. Titan, with a thick atmosphere and a bizarro-world form of weather featuring toxic winds and hydrocarbon rain, is home to a mix of complex chemistry, complete with organic molecules. The oceans provide a medium in which the molecules can move around and interact with each other. It's even conceivable, though clearly a long shot, that some form of microscopic life already exists on this frigid moon. The Mars lander, by contrast, would visit a place where the seas — plain water in this case — vanished long ago. But the mission of GEMS goes far deeper than that. By analyzing Marsquakes on the Red Planet, GEMS will try to get a handle on what the interior of Mars is like. Scientists don't currently know whether the planet's core is liquid, like Earth's, or solid, or some mushy consistency in between. It all depends on how efficiently Mars has cooled since it formed 4.5 billion years ago, and that depends in turn on the planet's internal structure. "That's the mission," says Bruce Banerdt, of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the lead scientist for GEMS. "We want to understand how Mars was built." Along with sensitive seismographic equipment, GEMS will drill down about 20 ft. (6 m) with a thermometer-equipped probe, trying to figure out how quickly the temperature rises with depth. "That will let us extrapolate all the way down to the center," Banerdt says, "which will tell us how fast Mars is cooling."

LOS ANGELES, May 25 (Xinhua) -- NASA project managers bade farewell to the Mars rover Spirit on Wednesday after sending a final set of commands to the stranded vehicle.This marks the completion of one of the most successful missions of interplanetary exploration ever launched, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) said."Last night, just after midnight, the last recovery command was sent to Spirit," said John Callas, the Mars Exploration Rover Project manager at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, Los Angeles."It would be an understatement to say this was a significant moment. Since the last communication from Spirit on March 22, 2010, as she entered her fourth Martian winter, nothing has been heard from her."NASA has tried in vain to regain communication with Spirit since it got stuck in sand about two years ago. The rover last communicated on March 22, 2010, as Martian winter approached and the rover's solar-energy supply declined.NASA checked frequently in recent months for possible reawakening of Spirit as solar energy available to the rover increased during Martian spring, but to no avail.A series of additional re-contact attempts ended on Wednesday, designed for various possible combinations of recoverable conditions, according to JPL."Our job was to wear these rovers out exploring, to leave no unutilized capability on the surface of Mars, and for Spirit, we have done that," said Callas.