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WASHINGTON, Aug. 4 (Xinhua) -- Researchers have found a way to turn mouse embryonic stem cells into sperm and this finding opens up new avenues for infertility research and treatment, according to a study published Thursday in the online edition of journal Cell,A Kyoto University team coaxed mouse embryonic stem cells into sperm precursors, called primordial germ cells (PGCs), and shown that these cells can give rise to healthy sperm. The researchers say that such in vitro reconstitution of germ cell development represents one of the most fundamental challenges in biology.When transplanted into mice that were unable to produce sperm normally, the stem cell derived PGCs produced normal-looking sperm, which were then used to successfully fertilize eggs. These fertilized eggs, when transplanted into a recipient mother, produced healthy offspring that grew into fertile male and female adult mice. The same procedure could produce fertile offspring from induced pluripotent stem cells that are often derived from adult skin cells."Continued investigations aimed at in vitro reconstitution of germ cell development, including the induction of female primordial germ cell-like cells and their descendants, will be crucial for a more comprehensive understanding of germ cell biology in general, as well as for the advancement of reproductive technology and medicine," the researchers wrote.

WASHINGTON, June 8 (Xinhua) -- Hundreds of small genetic variations are associated with autism spectrum disorders, including an area of DNA that may be a key to understanding why humans are social animals, according to a multi-site collaborative study led by researchers at Yale University.To be published Thursday in the journal Neuron, the study reinforces the theory that autism, a disorder that develops in early childhood involving impairments in social interaction, language deficits and distinctive behaviors, is not caused by one or two major genetic defects, but by many small variations, each associated with a small percentage of cases.The study looked at more than 1,000 families in which there was a single child with an autism spectrum disorder, an unaffected sibling and unaffected parents. The team compared individuals with autism to their siblings to determine what types of genetic changes distinguished the affected child from the unaffected child.One of the most intriguing of these findings points to the same small section of the genome that causes Williams syndrome -- a developmental disorder marked by high sociability and an unusual aptitude for music.In autism, there is an increase in the chromosomal material, an extra copy of this region, and in Williams syndrome, there's a loss of that same material," said lead author Matthew State. "What makes this observation particularly interesting is that Williams syndrome is known for a personality type that is highly empathetic, social, and sensitive to the emotional state of others. Individuals with autism often have difficulties in the opposite direction. This suggests that there is an important key in that region to understanding the nature of the social brain."State and his team also found about 30 other regions in the genome that are very likely contributing to autism and are focused on about six of those regions that showed the strongest evidence."We're now moving on to a second phase of the study looking at an additional 1,600 families and should be able to identify multiple new regions that are strongly implicated in autism," he said.

SINGAPORE, Sept. 7 (Xinhua) -- Singapore scientists have found possible new ways to treat a type of aggressive breast cancer that is unresponsive to current forms of treatment, local broadcaster Channel NewsAsia reported on Wednesday.The team of scientists at the Genome Institute of Singapore ( GIS) and National University of Singapore (NUS), led by GIS senior group leader Qiang Yu, found that the enzyme EZH2 acts by inhibiting genes that stop the growth of tumors in the body.The insights could open the door to developing more effective treatment for fast spreading breast cancers, especially the estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer that is common all over the world.It was also found that through EZH2, cancer is promoted in the body by activating specific genes that impact breast cancer progression and cancer stem cell self-renewal.Yu said the new understanding on how EZH2 works as a cancer- causing gene in breast cancer has important therapeutic implication."The results suggest that small molecule drugs that block enzyme activity of EZH2 may not work for cancers caused by EZH2's activation genes," Yu said.Currently pharmaceutical companies have been developing drugs only to the block EZH2 enzyme activity so that tumor suppressers can perform their protective role in blocking cancer growth.Researchers said the next step would be to develop biomarkers to identify tumors with EZH2.This step would enable better treatment methods, with one of options being the development of therapies that shut down EZH2 completely and not just inhibit its enzymatic function.The findings have been published on the journal Molecular Cell.

BEIJING, July 14 (Xinhuanet) -- European music service Spotify is set to launch in the United States on Thursday, according to media reports.The streaming service will be available in the morning by invitation and through subscription."Spotify is a new way to listen to and manage your music, discover new tracks and share songs and playlists with friends – music whenever you want it, wherever you are," the company said in a statement.Spotify's streaming music and subscription service have long been popular in Europe since its launch in late 2008, and the company has been aiming for a US launch for nearly as long.Spotify has inked agreements with Sony Corp Music Entertainment, EMI Music, and Vivendi SA's Universal Music Group in the last few months. It is expected to close a deal with Warner Music Group by launch or soon after, according to a source.

CAIRO, July 6 (Xinhua) -- Egypt's Central Administration of Agricultural Quarantine has denied again that the country's fenugreek seeds exported to Europe caused the E.coli infections which have claimed dozens of lives.The Egyptian authorities took and analyzed fenugreek seeds samples from the warehouse of the said Egyptian exporter and all results were negative by the strain, a statement posted on the official website of Egypt's Agricultural Ministry said on Wednesday."E.coli strain has not been reported in Egypt and no illness cases have been found," it added.If fenugreek seeds sprouts are suspected to be contaminated with E.coli pathogenic strain, it could be related to different handling processes, such as the re-packing or water used for sprouting, the statement said.The European Union (EU) on Tuesday agreed to ban the import of certain types of seeds from Egypt as Egyptian fenugreek seeds were reported to be linked with the outbreak of E.coli in Europe.The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) published early Tuesday a report from its task force on the E.coli outbreaks in Germany and France, indicating that fenugreek seeds imported from Egypt is the most likely source of the outbreaks.The E.coli outbreak has killed over 50 people in Europe since it was first reported in late May.Russia's food safety watchdog Rospotrebnadzor has also banned the import of certain types of produce from Egypt over food safety concerns, a Russian official said on Wednesday.Egypt's Ministry of Agriculture refuted the claims of Egypt being the source of E.coli Friday.