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WASHINGTON (AP) — Behind America's late leap into orbit and triumphant small step on the moon was the agile mind and guts-of-steel of Chris Kraft, making split-second decisions that propelled the nation to once unimaginable heights.Kraft, the creator and longtime leader of NASA's Mission Control, died Monday in Houston, just two days after the 50th anniversary of what was his and NASA's crowning achievement: Apollo 11's moon landing. He was 95.Christopher Columbus Kraft Jr. never flew in space, but "held the success or failure of American human spaceflight in his hands," Neil Armstrong, the first man-on-the-moon, told The Associated Press in 2011.Kraft founded Mission Control and created the job of flight director — later comparing it to an orchestra conductor — and established how flights would be run as the space race between the U.S. and Soviets heated up. The legendary engineer served as flight director for all of the one-man Mercury flights and seven of the two-man Gemini flights, helped design the Apollo missions that took 12 Americans to the moon from 1969 to 1972 and later served as director of the Johnson Space Center until 1982, overseeing the beginning of the era of the space shuttle.Armstrong once called him "the man who was the 'Control' in Mission Control.""From the moment the mission starts until the moment the crew is safe on board a recovery ship, I'm in charge," Kraft wrote in his 2002 book "Flight: My Life in Mission Control.""No one can overrule me. ... They can fire me after it's over. But while the mission is under way, I'm Flight. And Flight is God."NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine Monday called Kraft "a national treasure," saying "We stand on his shoulders as we reach deeper into the solar system, and he will always be with us on those journeys."Kraft became known as "the father of Mission Control" and in 2011 NASA returned the favor by naming the Houston building that houses the nerve center after Kraft."It's where the heart of the mission is," Kraft said in an April 2010 AP interview. "It's where decisions are made every day, small and large ... We realized that the people that had the moxie, that had the knowledge, were there and could make the decisions."That's what Chris Kraft's Mission Control was about: smart people with knowledge discussing options quickly and the flight director making a quick, informed decision, said former Smithsonian Institution space historian Roger Launius. It's the place that held its collective breath as Neil Armstrong was guiding the Eagle lunar lander on the moon while fuel was running out. And it's the place that improvised a last-minute rescue of Apollo 13 — a dramatic scenario that later made the unsung engineers heroes in a popular movie.Soon it became more than NASA's Mission Control. Hurricane forecasting centers, city crisis centers, even the Russian space center are all modeled after the Mission Control that Kraft created, Launius said.Leading up to the first launch to put an American, John Glenn, in orbit, a reporter asked Kraft about the odds of success and he replied: "If I thought about the odds at all, we'd never go to the pad.""It was a wonderful life. I can't think of anything that an aeronautical engineer would get more out of, than what we were asked to do in the space program, in the '60s," Kraft said on NASA's website marking the 50th anniversary of the agency in 2008.In the early days of Mercury at Florida's Cape Canaveral, before Mission Control moved to Houston in 1965, there were no computer displays, "all you had was grease pencils," Kraft recalled. The average age of the flight control team was 26; Kraft was 38."We didn't know a damn thing about putting a man into space," Kraft wrote in his autobiography. "We had no idea how much it should or would cost. And at best, we were engineers trained to do, not business experts trained to manage."NASA trailed the Soviet space program and suffered through many failed launches in the early days, before the manned flights began in 1961. Kraft later recalled thinking President John F. Kennedy "had lost his mind" when in May 1961 he set as a goal a manned trip to the moon "before this decade is out.""We had a total of 15 minutes of manned spaceflight experience, we hadn't flown Mercury in orbit yet, and here's a guy telling me we're going to fly to the moon. ... Doing it was one thing, but doing it in this decade was to me too risky," Kraft told AP in 1989."Frankly it scared the hell out of me," he said at a 2009 lecture at the Smithsonian.One of the most dramatic moments came during Scott Carpenter's May 1962 mission as the second American to orbit the earth. Carpenter landed 288 miles off target because of low fuel and other problems. He was eventually found safely floating in his life raft. Kraft blamed Carpenter for making poor decisions. Tom Wolfe's book "The Right Stuff" said Kraft angrily vowed that Carpenter "will never fly for me again!" But Carpenter said he did the best he could when the machinery malfunctioned.After the two-man Gemini flights, Kraft moved up NASA management to be in charge of manned spaceflight and was stunned by the Apollo 1 training fire that killed three astronauts.Gene Kranz, who later would become NASA's flight director for the Apollo mission that took man to the moon, said Kraft did not at first impress him as a leader. But Kranz eventually saw Kraft as similar to a judo instructor, allowing his student to grow in skills, then stepping aside."Chris Kraft had pioneered Mission Control and fought the battles in Mercury and Gemini, serving as the role model of the flight director. He proved the need for real-time leadership," Kranz wrote in his book, "Failure Is Not An Option: Mission Control from Mercury to Apollo 13 and Beyond."NASA eventually beat Kennedy's deadline, landing the first men on the moon in July 1969. Kranz watched from Mission Control as his underlings controlled Apollo 11, but then for the near-disaster in flight on Apollo 13, he stepped in for the key decisions. He later became head of NASA's Johnson Space Center.Born in 1924, Kraft grew up in Phoebus, Va., now part of Hampton, about 75 miles southeast of Richmond. In his autobiography, Kraft said with the name Christopher Columbus Kraft Jr., "some of my life's direction was settled from the start."After graduating from Virginia Polytechnic Institute in 1944, Kraft took a job with aircraft manufacturer Chance Vought to build warplanes, but he quickly realized it wasn't for him. He returned to Virginia where he accepted a job with the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, not far from Phoebus.Kraft's first job was to figure out what happens to airplanes as they approach the speed of sound.After his retirement, Kraft served as an aerospace consultant and was chairman of a panel in the mid-1990s looking for a cheaper way to manage the shuttle program. Kraft's panel recommended a contractor take over the day-to-day operations of the shuttle.Later, as the space shuttle program was being phased out after 30 years, Kraft blasted as foolish the decision to retire the shuttles, which he called "the safest machines ever built." He said President Barack Obama's plan to head toward an asteroid and Mars instead of the moon was "all hocus-pocus."Kraft said he considered himself fortunate to be part of the team that sent Americans to space and called it a sad day when the shuttles stopped flying."The people of Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo are blossoms on the moon. Their spirits will live there forever," he wrote. "I was part of that crowd, then part of the leadership that opened space travel to human beings. We threw a narrow flash of light across our nation's history. I was there at the best of times."Kraft and his wife, Betty Anne, were married in 1950. They had a son, Gordon, and a daughter, Kristi-Anne. 7877

WASHINGTON (AP) — Attorney General William Barr defended the aggressive federal law enforcement response to civil unrest in America as he testified for the first time before the House Judiciary Committee. He pushed back against angry, skeptical Democrats who said President Donald Trump’s administration is unconstitutionally suppressing dissent. The hearing, held Tuesday as the late civil rights icon John Lewis laid in state steps away in the Capitol rotunda, highlighted the wide election-year gulf between the two parties on police brutality and systemic racism in law enforcement, which Barr argued does not exist. Massive protests have sparked unrest across the nation following the death of George Floyd at the hands of Minneapolis police and calls for reform have grown louder.Tuesday's hearing is part of a series of hearings in which Democrats on the committee are holding to investigate what they say has become a politicized department. In his opening statements, Barr referred to an investigation into the 2016 Trump campaign's ties to Russia as "bogus" and asserted that he acts independently of President Donald Trump and his administration. He also addressed ongoing protests across the country and the Trump administration's use of federal agents to restore peace. Barr referred to protesters as "anarchists" and "violent rioters" have "hijacked" peaceful movements following the death of George Floyd.Barr did refer to Floyd's death as "horrible" and added that the incident "understandably jarred the whole country and forced us to reflect on longstanding issues in our nation."When pressed by Chairman Jerry Nadler, D-New York, on the deployment of federal agents to cities like Portland, Barr said that he's made it clear that he would like to "pick the cities" where agents are sent, "based on law enforcement need." Many of the agents that have been deployed are part of the Department of Homeland Security.Later, Barr was pressed by Rep. Sheila Jackson Lee, D-Texas on the current state of policing in America. During the questioning he said he does not believe there is widespread systemic racism with law enforcement entities in the country. He also said he is against the removal of qualified immunity, a statute that protects law enforcement agents from prosecution in some use of force cases. Democrats pressed Barr on his handling of the Mueller report and the Department's intervention in legal cases against two Trump allies: Roger Stone and Michael Flynn.In Stone's case, the Department of Justice backtracked on an initial sentencing recommendation of between seven and nine years in prison for lying to Congress. The department later recommended a lesser sentence, prompting all DOJ lawyers assigned to Stone's case to resign. Trump later commuted Stone's sentence.Democrats repeatedly pressed Barr on his Department's decision to rescind its initial sentencing recommendations as favoritism and cronyism. Barr defended the move by saying that he did not feel that Stone, a 67-year-old man with no prior convictions, deserved to go to prison for seven years.In the Flynn case, the Department of Justice dropped charges against Trump's national security adviser for lying to the FBI earlier this year — three years after Flynn pleaded guilty to the charges and then later tried to withdraw his plea.In early June, Barr was among a group of Trump administration officials who appeared in a photo in front of St. John's Episcopal Church in Washington with the president — a photo that required the forceful dispersal of thousands of peaceful protesters at Lafayette Park near the White House.Tuesday's hearing was delayed for about an hour after committee chairman Jerry Nadler was involved in a car accident on his way to Capitol Hill. According to CNN and Politico, Nadler was not hurt but was late in reaching the Capitol. 3866

WASHINGTON — The number of Americans seeking unemployment aid rose last week to 742,000, the first increase in five weeks and a sign that the resurgent viral outbreak is likely slowing the economy and forcing more companies to cut jobs. The Labor Department’s report Thursday showed that applications for benefits rose from 711,000 in the previous week. Claims had soared to 6.9 million in March when the pandemic first intensified. Before the pandemic, applications typically hovered about 225,000 a week. The economy’s modest recovery is increasingly at risk, with newly confirmed daily infections in the United States having exploded 80% over the past two weeks to the highest levels on record. 705

WASHINGTON — The number of laid-off Americans applying for unemployment benefits fell to roughly 880,000 last week, a sign of possible improvement but evidence that the viral pandemic keeps forcing many businesses to slash jobs. The latest figures, released Thursday by the Labor Department, suggest that nearly six months after the eruption of the coronavirus, the economy is still struggling to sustain a recovery and rebuild a job market that was devastated by the recession. All told, the government said that 13.3 million people are continuing to receive traditional jobless benefits, up from 1.7 million a year ago. 629

WASHINGTON — After months of on-again, and off-again negotiations, a bipartisan economic stimulus deal appears to be on the horizon. While nothing is official, optimism swept Capitol Hill Wednesday that something could be passed by the end of the week. The bill would not only provide economic relief but also keep the government open through 2021. Funding for the federal government officially runs out Friday night at midnight. STIMULUS CHECKS INCLUDED The biggest news is that stimulus checks appear to be included in the bill. While nothing is confirmed, Republican Senator John Thune of South Dakota told reporters that the checks would be around 0-0 per person, which is about half as much as last time. Whether or not you are eligible for a stimulus check will likely depend on your income, just like last time. WHEN COULD YOU GET IT? If Congress is able to pass a bill by Friday night, checks could theoretically be deposited into millions of accounts by New Year's Eve. That's because unlike last time, the IRS has already built the computer program to distribute checks and staffers have experience. This is what Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin said back in August about how quickly he could send out the checks. "I can have them out immediately," Mnuchin said. "If I could get that passed tomorrow. I could start printing them the following week," Mnuchin told reporters at the White House in August. "I can get out 50 million payments immediately," Mnuchin added. Just like last time, if the federal government does not have your bank information on file, debit cards and paper checks would likely take several more weeks. 1651