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In regions of the United States and Mexico that are prone to hurricanes, aggressive spiders are evolving to survive and ride out the storm.When hurricanes rage along the Gulf of Mexico or charge up the East Coast, they can reshape an entire habitat in a short time. The winds destroy trees and spread debris for miles, putting new pressure on the creatures living in these environments.But how do creatures adapt when their habitats are so disturbed? Researchers looked at Anelosimus studiosus spiders that live in storm-prone areas along the coast to see how they changed. Their study was published Monday in the journal Nature Ecology and Evolution.These weather systems are called "black swan events": a surprising event with a major impact that is explained with the benefit of hindsight. They don't offer much lead time, so the researchers had to scramble to study the spider colonies before and after projected storms.The team monitored Subtropical Storm Alberto and Hurricanes Florence and Michael during the 2018 hurricane season. They tried to anticipate the systems' trajectories and study areas that included 240 female spider colonies, comparing them with areas where spider colonies were unaffected by such storms.The researchers returned to the sites hit by the storms 48 hours later. About 75% of the colonies survived the initial storm strikes."It is tremendously important to understand the environmental impacts of these 'black swan' weather events on evolution and natural selection," said Jonathan Pruitt, lead study author, evolutionary biologist and Canada 150 Chair in McMaster University's Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour. "As sea levels rise, the incidence of tropical storms will only increase. Now more than ever we need to contend with what the ecological and evolutionary impacts of these storms will be for non-human animals."The A. studiosis spider species has two main personality traits that are inherited: docile and aggressive.Aggressiveness can be determined based on their speed, attackers pursuing prey, cannibalizing male spiders as well as eggs and their vulnerability to the invasion of predatory spiders.On the one hand, aggressive colonies are better at gathering resources in times of scarcity. But when deprived of food or subjected to overheating, aggressive colonies can also suffer from infighting."Tropical cyclones likely impact both of these stressors by altering the numbers of flying prey and increasing sun exposure from a more open canopy layer," Pruitt said. "Aggressiveness is passed down through generations in these colonies, from parent to daughter, and is a major factor in their survival and ability to reproduce."The researchers determined that after a storm passed, the colonies that aggressively pursued food and resources were able to produce more egg cases. The spiderlings also had a better chance of surviving into early winter.In areas that weren't hit by storms, docile colonies thrived.These findings were consistent even as the storms varied in duration, intensity and size. The researchers believe this shows that extreme events can shape animal behaviors. They would like to conduct more long-term studies to learn whether this is the case. 3250

Leading nutritional experts in the United States and the UK are fired up about new dietary recommendations claiming there's no need to reduce your red and processed meat intake for good health."This is a very irresponsible public health recommendation," said Dr. Frank Hu, who chairs the nutrition department at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.The new guidelines and five corresponding studies are part of a systematic analysis of existing research done by 483

Leading e-cigarette company Juul Labs will stop selling several flavored products in the United States, the company announced Thursday.Only tobacco, mint and menthol flavors will remain for sale. Meanwhile, Juul's mango, creme, fruit and cucumber flavors have already been removed from the online store -- which was the only place the company sold these products directly to 21-and-up consumers in the United States after it pulled them from 454

India has disputed Pakistan's claims that its air force shot down two Indian fighter jets inside Pakistani airspace on Wednesday amid a potentially dangerous border crisis between the two nuclear-armed powers.The alleged incident comes a day after India said it launched airstrikes in Pakistan territory in the first such incursion by Indian Air Force planes since the India-Pakistan war of 1971.Pakistan denied that the airstrikes took place, saying only that Indian jets crossed its de factor border with India in the disputed Kashmir region and that they were pushed back.In a press conference Wednesday, the Indian foreign ministry said one of its Air Force pilots was missing after a plane was shot down in an aerial engagement with Pakistani military aircraft.That account differs from Pakistan's version of events, though CNN could not independently verify Pakistan or India's claims.Maj. Gen. Asif Ghafoor, Pakistan's chief military spokesperson, said in a tweet Wednesday that one Indian aircraft fell inside Pakistan-administered Kashmir, while another fell within the Indian-administered region of Kashmir.Two Indian pilots have been arrested, Ghafoor later said, with one pilot said to be receiving treatment for injuries in a military hospital.India did not say where its plane went down but a statement from Indian Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Raveesh Kumar, said an Indian Air Force plane (a MiG 21 Bison) shot down a Pakistani jet, which fell on the Pakistan side of the border.Kumar said one of its pilots is missing and acknowledged that "Pakistan has claimed that he is in their custody.""We are ascertaining the facts," he said.The escalating tensions come at a politically crucial time for India, which is scheduled to hold national elections by the end of May.Pakistan closed its airspace on Wednesday, according to the country's Civil Aviation Authority.Flights to several Indian airports were also suspended, according to multiple Indian airlines on Twitter.In separate tweets, Jet Airways, Vistara, Indigo and GoAir airlines announced the suspension of flights to airports at Amritsar, Chandigarh, Srinagar, Jammu & Leh.Earlier on Wednesday, Pakistan's Foreign Ministry said that Islamabad had carried out aerial strikes on "nonmilitary targets" across the line of control (LoC) from within Pakistani airspace, while accusing India of "carrying out acts of terror in Pakistan."Pakistan said its strike was "not a retaliation" to the Indian operation and stressed that Pakistan struck "nonmilitary target, avoiding human loss and collateral damage."According to the foreign ministry statement, the purpose of the strike was to demonstrate the country's self defense capabilities. "We have no intention of escalation, but are fully prepared to do so if forced into that paradigm. That is why we undertook the action with clear warning and in broad daylight," the statement said.Ghafoor said Pakistan's Air Force hit supply depots belonging to the Indian army during operations that targeted six Indian locations.Pakistan Prime Minister Imran Khan had previously promised retaliation "at the time and place of Pakistan's choosing" and directed the country's armed forces to remain prepared for all eventualities in response to the Indian strikes.'Not a military operation'Kashmir, a largely mountainous region located between India and Pakistan, has been bitterly contested by both countries following partition in 1947, leading to three wars and numerous other skirmishes.Skirmishes along the LoC have escalated since the alleged Indian airstrikes. On Tuesday, Pakistan troops opened fire at 15 places across the LoC in Jammu and Kashmir, injuring five Indian soldiers, army spokesperson Devender Anand told CNN.Earlier on Wednesday, Indian Foreign Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj said the country does not want "further escalation" with Pakistan.Speaking at a foreign ministers meeting between Russia, India, and China in Wuzhen, China, on Wednesday, Swaraj said Tuesday's strike was "not a military operation" but "a preemptive strike against the terrorist infrastructure of Jaish-e-Mohammed."India blames the militant group Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) for a suicide car bomb attack in Indian-administered Kashmir, which killed 40 Indian paramilitary soldiers on February 14.India had previously said that Pakistan had a "direct hand" in the attack -- the deadliest on security forces since the beginning of the insurgency in the late 1980s. Pakistan has vehemently denied having a role in the incident.Swaraj said that Tuesday's pre-dawn operation was launched because of the "continuing refusal of Pakistan to acknowledge and act against terror groups on its territory."The military action was based on "credible information" that militants were planning other attacks in various parts of the country, Swaraj said.Two narrativesThe discrepancy between Delhi's account and what Pakistan is saying isn't novel.Back in 2016, following an attack on an Indian military installation in Kashmir that India blamed on Pakistan-based gunmen, Delhi carried out what it called "surgical strikes" -- sending troops across the de facto border to hit terrorist targets.Pakistan, however, denied that any such incursion had taken place, saying instead that there had only been an exchange of fire between the two sides.In its Foreign Ministry statement Wednesday, Pakistan said that "India has been trying to establish what they call 'a new normal' a thinly veiled term for doing acts of aggression at whatever pretext they wish on a given day. If India is striking at so called terrorist backers without a shred of evidence, we also retain reciprocal rights to retaliate against elements that enjoy Indian patronage while carrying out acts of terror in Pakistan."US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo spoke with his counterparts in India and Pakistan and urged both sides to "exercise restraint, and avoid escalation at any cost.""I also encouraged both ministers to prioritize direct communication and avoid further military activity," he said Wednesday, in the first statement by the US government over the incident.Harsh V Pant, a professor in international relations at King's College London, told CNN that for the past few decades the Indian government had chosen not to retaliate after terror attacks in Kashmir.But India is now at a point where it is choosing to escalate the situation, adding that India's military action follows public anger over the attack.China, which shares a border with both countries, called on Pakistan and India to "exercise restraint" after news of the airstrikes broke."Both India and Pakistan are important countries in South Asia," Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Lu Kang said during a daily press briefing Tuesday. "We hope that both sides can exercise restraint, and take actions that can contribute to the region's stability and improve their mutual relationship, but not the opposite." 6952

It was January of 1980 when 21-year-old Helene Pruszynski was kidnapped, raped and murdered in Douglas County, Colorado. Her body was found in a field, but police never identified a suspect. Pruszynski’s murder became a cold case.“We consider a case that does not have any viable leads after one to two years a cold case,” cold case detective Shannon Jensen said.However, Jensen says the case was never forgotten. Detectives continued to re-open it for 40 years. Then, with the help of new DNA technology, the suspect was identified in December of last year as James Curtis Clanton. He will be sentenced on April 10, based on the first-degree murder laws in 1980. Pruszynski’s sister – the only immediate family still living – finally received the closure she had waited decades for.“She had told us that she thought that this may never be solved, and she had somewhat given up on her hope. And she couldn’t believe that after all these years we were able to identify and arrest a suspect in her sister’s murder,” Detective Jensen said.One key element to solving the case was DNA from people related to Clanton.Detective Jensen actively searched a public database called GEDmatch, which is used as a way for people to learn more about their family history. She came across Rob Diehl, who turned out to be Clanton's fourth cousin. When Detective Jensen reached out, he says he went through a wide range of emotions.However, Diehl says it didn’t take long for him to realize he wanted to help, especially when he discovered how serious the crime was. He says because Clanton was such a distant cousin, they never knew each other.“You just think… it’s been cold for decades and so long that if there’s no evidence now, this isn’t going to be solved for the family or to bring somebody to justice,” Diehl said.So Diehl gave Detective Jensen access to his family tree and his DNA. Those both are critical elements in a newly utilized DNA technology called genetic genealogy.“Traditional genealogy is using public records to document a person’s family tree and their ancestors. Genetic genealogy is when you’re using DNA to help with that process,” Chief Genetic Genealogist CeCe Moore said.CeCe Moore is the Chief Genetic Genealogist at Parabon Nanolabs. Parabon assisted with Ms. Pruszynski’s case, and the tech company has helped law enforcement across the nation identify more than 100 criminals the past two years."For us, significant amounts of DNA could be less than one percent, which is really a breakthrough because previously with law enforcement cases, you needed to have an exact match, or a very close family member,” Moore said. In Pruszynski’s case, law enforcement in 1980 collected plenty of DNA evidence, and stored it properly making it possible for detectives today to upload a DNA profile to find her killer. In fact, Detective Jensen says she’s currently in the process of solving two more cold cases. “This technology has given detectives like myself another tool to add to our toolbox. It’s given new life to cases that we once thought might have been unsolvable,” Detective Jensen said.Not only is this technology finding those responsible for crimes, but it’s also ruling out the innocent.“If genetic genealogy is used earlier in the process, it can really help avoid hundreds or even thousands of innocent people who are looked at as persons of interest in these cases,” Moore said.Moore says 30 million people have uploaded their DNA to genetic websites the past decade. However, in order for law enforcement to gain access to it, you would need to upload your DNA to a public database like GEDmatch, and ‘opt in’ for law enforcement to see your profile.“If you have done a DNA kit, or you’re thinking about doing a DNA kit on ancestry or 23andMe or My Heritage, download that raw DNA data file and upload it to GEDMatch because everyone can be a crime solver,” Detective Jensen said.  3926