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At 3 p.m. ET on Monday, November 26, a group of researchers will be really sweating. The NASA InSight spacecraft will try to land on Mars.After six months of flight, the lander component of the probe will detach itself from the cruise stage and head into the atmosphere. The lander component initially looks a fair bit like the re-entry capsule used in the 1960s and 1970s for the Apollo moon missions -- sort of conical, with a smooth and flat bottom. That bottom is a crucial heat shield that is designed to protect the probe as it passes through the thin Martian atmosphere.The landing is a devilishly difficult feat. The landing capsule has to batter its way through the atmosphere. It will fly through the Martian air at an initial speed of 12,300 mph, and it must hit the atmosphere at an angle of precisely 12 degrees. Any shallower, and the probe will bounce off into deep space. Any steeper, and the probe will burn itself up in a spectacular and fiery death. The probe will first touch the atmosphere six minutes and 45 seconds before landing. During this phase, it will experience acceleration 12 times that of the Earth's gravity. Were the probe a 150-pound human, during the flaming descent, it would weigh nearly a ton.About 3? minutes after the probe hits the atmosphere, a parachute will deploy, slowing down the probe even more. Fifteen seconds later, explosives will blow the heat shield off, exposing the actual InSight probe hidden inside. Ten seconds after the heat shield falls away, the probe will extend its legs, much like an airplane extends its wheels before touching down.The probe will fall for an additional two minutes attached to the parachute and protected by its conical shell. About 45 seconds before InSight lands, it will drop out of the shell and fall toward the surface. As soon as it leaves the shell, its landing rockets will ignite.The actual InSight probe looks a little bit like the Apollo moon lander, with three legs to support it and a boxy top. The rockets will slow it further and stop any remaining horizontal motion. Then, about 15 seconds before touchdown, the InSight probe will descend at a speed of 8 feet per second, before hopefully touching down gently on the Martian surface.The entire landing sequence will take about seven minutes to occur. A radio signal from Mars to Earth currently takes about eight minutes and seven seconds to get here. So the complete landing process will take place before we find out if it was successful. It will be done automatically, entirely by the probe itself. For the scientists and engineers who designed InSight, this is called "seven minutes of terror."And they are right to be worried. Mars is a graveyard of failed probes. There have been 44 attempts by various national space agencies to land on Mars. Eighteen have been successful. Twenty-three have not. Three have achieved orbit but failed at a landing.So, what does InSight hope to achieve? Well, as it happens, a lot. But it's different than the intrepid Curiosity probe, which NASA landed in 2012. InSight will not move around. Instead, it will stay put and tell us of the interior of Mars.One thing it will do is emit radio waves that we can monitor on Earth. By making careful measurements of how the frequency of the radio waves change, we will be able to measure the degree to which Mars wobbles as it rotates. That will tell us something about the core of the planet, specifically its makeup and information on the degree to which it is molten.InSight will also deploy a seismometer to listen for marsquakes (like earthquakes, but Martian-style) and for impacts of meteors on the planet. Information gleaned from the waves the seismometer detects will tell us more about the planet's interior.The third thing InSight will do is to dig below the planet's surface. Using a jackhammer, the probe will drill down 5 meters (16 feet) into the planet and, basically, it will take the planet's temperature.There are many reasons this is interesting. Taking the temperature at that depth will allow planetary scientists to determine how much heat is escaping from Mars. More broadly, this measurement will allow a clear determination of the temperature of the planet much closer to the core.This information will tell us a lot about how Mars formed, which, in turn, will add to the information of how rocky planets, including our own Earth, typically develop.And if you're more of an explorer kind of person and not so interested in Martian geology, it will also tell us how warm the planet is at modest depths, which will tell us if there is any chance of liquid water on the planet. Perhaps obviously, if the Martian subsurface is warm enough, any buried water will be in liquid form and not ice. Finding liquid water would be the key discovery that would make Martian exploration relatively easy. A relatively recent possible discovery of a buried Martian lake was promising, but the data was not conclusive. Knowing that the ground is warm would be very comforting to possible future explorers.Exploring the solar system is the first step toward exploring the stars. The InSight probe will give us --well -- insight into whether this is something that humanity will achieve in the foreseeable future.And maybe Elon Musk's bet on him getting to Mars will become true. 5329

ATLANTA - In a memo this week, Delta Airlines’ CEO told staff nearly 700 passengers have been placed on the no-fly list in 2020 for refusing to comply with policies requiring masks on planes.This is a sharp increase from the 460 banned passengers the airline reported in October. Delta and other airlines have been adding mask rule-breaking passengers to the no-fly list since early in the pandemic.Delta is not alone, latest numbers from United report about 430 passengers of that airline have been added to the no-fly list for not following their mask policy, and 88 have been banned from JetBlue flights.A Department of Defense study found that masks, combined with airplanes’ air filtration systems, can greatly reduce the risk of transmitting the coronavirus during a flight.While that sounds like a lot of passengers, Delta told Fox News they are flying about 1 million customers per week.In the message to staff Wednesday, Delta’s CEO Ed Bastian thanked employees for taking unpaid leave and manage reductions in hours earlier this year, which helped them be one of the few airlines that avoided involuntary furloughs. Ground workers and headquarters employees were cut to three or four days a week.However, he is now asking employees again to take unpaid leaves of absence to help the company save money, according to the staff memo. Bastian said Wednesday that Delta will need more employees to take unpaid leave “for the foreseeable future.”“I ask everyone to consider whether a voluntary leave makes sense for you and your family,” he said in a memo to employees.About 15,000 Delta employees have already left the airline through buyouts and early retirements, according to the Atlanta Journal Constitution.It's a sign of the deepening slump in air travel with coronavirus cases rising across the country. Delta expects to lose up to million a day on average during the fourth quarter.Delta is also one of the last airlines to block the middle seats on their planes, and says they will do so through March 2021.Unlike American and United, Atlanta-based Delta has avoided furloughs since the pandemic started by convincing thousands of workers to retire early or take unpaid leave.But the air travel recovery seems to be faltering. Passenger traffic rose over Thanksgiving week but has dropped since then. 2327

ATLANTA, Ga. – The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is warning parents to be on the lookout for symptoms of acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) in children.The public health agency said Tuesday that it anticipates that 2020 will be another peak year AFM, an uncommon but serious neurologic condition that affects mostly children.AFM can progress rapidly over the course of hours or days, leading to permanent paralysis and/or the life-threatening complication of respiratory failure in previously healthy patients, so it’s important to seek medical care as soon as possible.The disease has peaked every two years between August and November in the U.S. since 2014, when the nation experienced the first peak of 120 cases, according to the CDC. There were also peaks in 2016 and 2018.The third and largest peak of AFM occurred in 2018, with 238 cases in 42 states. Most cases were in children (94%) and most patients (86%) had AFM onset during August through November. Most patients had a fever and/or respiratory illness approximately six days before limb weakness onset. Other common early symptoms were difficulty walking, neck or back pain, fever, and limb pain.The CDC says parents and doctors should suspect AFM in patients with sudden limb weakness, especially during August through November. Recent respiratory illness or fever and the presence of neck or back pain or any neurologic symptom should heighten their concern.Experts say enteroviruses, particularly enterovirus-D68 (EV-D68), are likely responsible for these peaks in cases. EV-D68 is the most common virus identified among specimens collected from patients with AFM. However, other viruses can cause AFM and may also be contributing to the biennial peaks.Although AFM symptoms resemble those of polio, all specimens have tested negative for poliovirus.There is currently no specific test, proven treatment or prevention method for AFM.“As we head into these critical next months, CDC is taking necessary steps to help clinicians better recognize signs and symptoms of AFM in children,” said CDC Director Robert Redfield, M.D. “Recognition and early diagnosis are critical. CDC and public health partners have strengthened early disease detection systems, a vital step toward rapid treatment and rehabilitation for children with AFM.”AFM and COVID-19The CDC says AFM is a medical emergency and patients should seek immediate medical care, even in areas with high COVID-19 activity.It’s not known how the COVID-19 pandemic and the social distancing measures may affect the circulation of viruses that can cause AFM, or if COVID-19 will impact the health care system’s ability to promptly recognize and respond to AFM.There is one bright side. If social distancing measures decrease circulation of enteroviruses this year, AFM cases may be fewer than expected or the outbreak may be delayed.Learn more about AFM here. 2901

ATLANTA (AP) — A federal judge is permanently blocking Georgia’s 2019 “heartbeat" abortion law, finding that it violates the U.S. Constitution.U.S. District Judge Steve Jones ruled against the state Monday in a lawsuit filed by abortion providers and an advocacy group.Jones had temporarily blocked the law in October, and it never went into effect.The new ruling permanently enjoins the state from ever enforcing House Bill 481.The measure sought to ban abortions once a “detectable human heartbeat” was present, with some limited exceptions.Cardiac activity can be detected by ultrasound as early as six weeks into a pregnancy.Jones found the law violated the 14th Amendment. 685

As the COVID-19 pandemic progresses, researchers say it is important to track how the coronavirus mutates because it could affect the efficacy of a vaccine.Like all living cells, viruses evolve their chemical make-up changes. In viruses like the flu, that happens frequently, which is why every year there is a new vaccine to treat whatever strain is expected to circulate. With COVID-19, however, those mutations happen much slower, according to research out of Arizona State University.“One of the things we’re still keeping an eye on is the evolution of this virus because that virus is still around in the community,” said Dr. Efrem Lim, an assistant professor at ASU. “Everyone is coming in blind to this. This is a novel virus. This isn’t something we have seen before.”In March, Arizona State University played host to our country’s fourth COVID-19 case. As soon as it was detected, Dr. Lim started studying how the virus mutates and sent his findings to the World Health Organization. It's something that still continues to this day.“This virus, overall, mutates pretty slowly, which is a good thing,” said Dr. Lim. “However, we can have instances where the virus can have very large, dramatic, mutations, such as deletions in the genome.”While rare, Dr. Lim says those mutations can be significant as it changes how the virus acts inside the body.Currently, scientists are focusing much of their efforts on identifying ways to eliminate the function of the spike protein in COVID-19, as it is the way the virus binds to our cells and infects them (spike proteins are the stalks that protrude from the center of the virus that make it so recognizable).“It is very good news that the virus is not changing rapidly,” said ASU virologist Dr. Brenda Hogue. “We will have to see over time, as the virus continues to circulate, as we put a vaccine into play, whether or not there will be any issues.”Dr. Lim says right now there does not appear to be any issues because the virus mutates slowly, but he adds it could adapt to a vaccine once one begins to circulate.He says more testing needs to be done to determine that, however. 2140