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WASHINGTON, Nov. 24 (Xinhua) -- A new study suggests that the rate of global warming from doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide may be less than the most dire estimates of some previous studies.Authors of the study, which was funded by the National Science Foundation and published online on Thursday in the journal Science, say that global warming is real and that increases in atmospheric CO2 will have multiple serious impacts. However, the most Draconian projections of temperature increases from the doubling of CO2 are unlikely."Many previous climate sensitivity studies have looked at the past only from 1850 through today, and not fully integrated paleoclimate date, especially on a global scale," said Andreas Schmittner, an Oregon State University researcher and lead author on the Science article. "When you reconstruct sea and land surface temperatures from the peak of the last Ice Age 21,000 years ago -- which is referred to as the Last Glacial Maximum -- and compare it with climate model simulations of that period, you get a much different picture.""If these paleoclimatic constraints apply to the future, as predicted by our model, the results imply less probability of extreme climatic change than previously thought," Schmittner added.Scientists have struggled for years trying to quantify "climate sensitivity" -- which is how the Earth will respond to projected increases of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The 2007 IPCC report estimated that the air near the surface of the Earth would warm on average by two to 4.5 degrees (Celsius) with a doubling of atmospheric CO2 from preindustrial standards. The mean, or " expected value" increase in the IPCC estimates was 3.0 degrees; most climate model studies use the doubling of CO2 as a basic index.The researchers based their study on ice age land and ocean surface temperature obtained by examining ices cores, bore holes, seafloor sediments and other factors. When they first looked at the paleoclimatic data, the researchers only found very small differences in ocean temperatures then compared to now."Our study implies that we still have time to prevent that from happening, if we make a concerted effort to change course soon," said Schmittner.

BEIJING, Sept. 30 (Xinhuanet) -- Tobacco companies concealed the knowledge of radioactive substance in cigarettes from public for over four decades, a new study revealed.The revelation was made by a research team from the University of California, Los Angeles, published on Thursday in the online edition of the U.S. medical journal Nicotine and Tobacco Research.The researchers analyzed 27 timeworn documents and discovered that tobacco companies had knew the existence of polonium-210, a hazardous radioactive substance, in the tobacco since 1959.The companies studied polonium-210 throughout the 1960s, and concealed their findings about the carcinogenic potential of the radioactive substance.Hrayr Karagueuzian, the study's lead author, said the tobacco companies' deception surprised him.According to the revelation, the companies had knew the "cancerous growths" in the lungs of smokers, and even calculated how much radiation a regular smoker would inhale over 20 years.Karagueuzian and his team conducted again the study recorded in the tobacco documents and found that the radiation in cigarettes would cause up to 138 deaths for every 1,000 smokers over a period of 25 years.However, tobacco manufacturer denied that they had concealed the facts from the public.David Sutton, spokesman of Philip Morris, the largest U.S. tobacco company, said the polonium-210 was a "naturally occurring element in the air" and had been widely discussed by the public health community for years.

BEIJING, Jan. 23 (Xinhua) -- An online survey has revealed that Chinese people have a mixed opinion on Sunday's Spring Festival TV gala, the 30th of its kind since 1983, albeit many of them agree that there were innovations and improvements in it.As of 10:00 p.m. Monday, about 48 percent of some 71,000 respondents in the poll held by sina.com.cn, one of China's major portal websites, said they think the gala fall short of their expectations.Another 23 percent of them said they think the gala was just fine, and only 10 percent said it was splendid.The gala, an annual grand celebration broadcast by the China Central Television on the eve of the traditional Spring Festival, China's lunar New Year, is the most-watched TV event in the country."I can see the efforts of the gala staff, but it is still not good enough," said netizen "roam the life" at the Sina weibo, a popular Twitter-like microblogging website.At the Sina weibo website, the topic "grumble at the 2012 Spring Festival TV gala" has outnumbered others with over 64 million comments and become the hottest topic of Monday.Nonetheless, many people acknowledge the innovations and improvements in the gala.The gala made some attempts to take a more public-friendly approach by inviting some "grassroots" performers, such as farmer-singer Zhu Zhiwen, as well as cutting all commercials during the broadcast.A dance performance depicting a romance of peacocks and starring Yang Liping, a well-known dancer in China, is the most-followed topic at the gala's official weibo account, drawing over 3,500 comments.The audience was also impressed by a piano duet played by Li Yundi, first prize winner of the the 14th Frederic Chopin international piano competition, and Leehom Wang, a Chinese-American pop singer-songwriter.Moreover, about 59 percent of the online poll respondents said the stage design was quite cool."There are really many improvements in the gala, but it is absolutely difficult to please everyone," wrote weibo user "Wawamiaowaiwai."Unlike their elder generation, the young generation in China has more diversified options for entertainment, and it is of great challenge to attract them at the Spring Festival celebration, said Xia Xueluan, a professor of sociology with Peking University.

SAN FRANCISCO, Jan. 13 (Xinhua) -- Google seems to get no blessings for a good start for its New Year resolutions as the Internet search giant got an earful of complaints about its new social search service and felt mortified by a customer-poaching scandal in its Kenyan division.On Tuesday, Google announced "search plus your world" to deliver personalized search results by embedding its social service Google+ to its search engine.Although Google called it as "a beautiful journey begins," competitors and industry watchers said it was "a bad day for the Internet." They accused the company of using its dominant search engine to promote its own social networking site by giving Google+ pages and profiles an artificially prominent position in search results.The search giant first had a public bickering with Twitter which issued a statement on Tuesday saying that "As we've seen time and time again, news breaks first on Twitter. We're concerned that as a result of Google's changes, finding this information will be much harder for everyone."Google on Wednesday made a statement on its official Google+ page, saying that "We're a bit surprised by Twitter's comments because they chose not to renew their agreement with us last summer." The agreement, in which Twitter gave Google access to public tweets, expired last July and was not renewed.Twitter fired back by demonstrating the inefficiency of the new Google search feature. Twitter general counsel Alex Macgillivray tweeted a page of Google search results for the search term "@WWE" which did not include World Wrestling Entertainment's Twitter page, but Google+ page.Macgillivray noted that with 792,642 followers on Twitter compared with 24,900 followers on Google+, WWE's Twitter page is a more relevant social source than Google page and should be presented in Google's search results.Facebook, Google+'s major rival, has been remaining silent this week publicly while its employees criticized Google's moves in public status updates. Several prominent Facebook engineers and directors shared a tech blog about switching default search engine to Microsoft's Bing after "Google broke itself."Facebook has been working with Microsoft to allow Bing to reveal more personalized content.Industry watchers are also crying foul at the privacy and antitrust concerns raised by the new search feature. Search Engine Land, a tech blog closely following Google's news, posted several examples of how Google favors its own social networking service.Industry watchdog Electronic Privacy Information Center told the Los Angeles Times that the group is considering filing a complaint with the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC). The organization once made the complaint that resulted in Google's settlement with the FTC last year that requires the Mountain View, California-based company to submit to external audits of their privacy practices every other year.On Friday, a Kenyan business directory startup Mocality said that Getting Kenyan Businesses Online, a Google-backed initiative to give small businesses free websites for one year, routinely accessed Mocality's database to obtain sales leads.The Search giant's Kenyan division called Mocality customers to pitch Google's alternative service, claiming they have had a partnership with Mocality. Mocality CEO Stefan Magdalinski said there is no such partnership.In a statement sent to the U.S. media, Google said it is " mortified" to learn that a team representing Google improperly used Mocality's data and misrepresented their relationship with the Kenyan company, noting that it "unreservedly apologized to Mocality" and is still investigating the issue.On Monday, BBC revealed that Google admitted profiting from advertisements of illegal websites selling drugs, fake passports and unauthorized tickets for the 2012 Olympics.The ads had been removed by Google after they were brought to the company's attention, but the search giant told BBC that the company "keeps any money it might make from companies advertising illegal services before such ads are removed."Meanwhile, on Thursday, Microsoft announced it has signed a patent licensing agreement with LG Electronics on the manufacturer 's devices running Google Android platform, leaving Motorola Mobility the only major Android-powered device maker that refuses to strike a deal with Microsoft.After the announcement, Microsoft's directors have been taking to Twitter to taunt Google as the two companies had a history of public back-and-forth. But so far, it appeared that Google didn't have time to needle back.

WASHINGTON, Nov. 8 (Xinhua) -- Children with autism have more brain cells and heavier brains compared to typically developing children, according to a study to be published on Wednesday in the Journal of the American Medical Association.The small, preliminary study provides direct evidence for possible prenatal causes of autism.The prefrontal cortex is involved in various higher order functions such as language and communication, social behavior, mood, and attention. Children who have autism tend to show deficits in such functions.Eric Courchesne, of the University of San Diego School of Medicine Autism Center of Excellence, and colleagues conducted direct counts of brain cells in specific regions of the prefrontal cortex in postmortem brains of seven boys who had autism and six typically developing males, ranging in age from 2-16 years. Most participants had died in accidents, but the researchers did not base their selection on causes of death.The researchers found that children with autism had 67 percent more neurons in the prefrontal cortex and heavier brains for their age compared to typically developing children. Since these neurons are produced before birth, the study's findings suggest that faulty prenatal cell birth or maintenance may be involved in the development of autism. Another possible factor that may contribute to the neuronal excess is a reduction in apoptosis, or programmed cell death, which normally occurs during the third trimester and early postnatal life.Though small, this preliminary study examined all relevant postmortem tissue available at the time. The relative scarcity of tissue from very young children may limit future research as well, but efforts to include a larger number of samples are needed to confirm these findings and to identify patterns of age-related changes in autism, the researchers say."Earlier studies of head circumference and early brain overgrowth have pointed us in this direction, but there have been few quantitative neuroanatomical studies due to the lack of postmortem tissue from children with autism," said Thomas Insel, director of the National Institute of Mental Health, in a statement. "These new results, along with an earlier study reporting altered wiring of the prefrontal cortex, focus our attention on this critical area of the brain in autism."

来源：资阳报