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LOS ANGELES, May 5 (Xinhua) -- NASA has selected three planetary missions from which it will pick one potential mission to look at Mars' interior for the first time, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) announced on Thursday.The Mars mission, to be launched in 2016, would be led by JPL, according to the announcement.The other two missions would study an extraterrestrial sea on one of Saturn's moons; or study in unprecedented detail the surface of a comet's nucleus, said JPL in Pasadena, Los Angeles.The selected investigations could reveal much about the formation of our solar system and its dynamic processes, JPL said.Each mission will receive three million dollars to conduct its mission's concept phase or preliminary design studies and analyses, JPL said in a news release.After another detailed review in 2012 of the concept studies, NASA will select one to continue development efforts leading up to launch. The selected mission will be cost-capped at 425 million dollars, not including launch vehicle funding, according to JPL.NASA's Discovery Program requested proposals for spaceflight investigations in June 2010. A panel of NASA and other scientists and engineers reviewed 28 submissions."NASA continues to do extraordinary science that is re-writing textbooks," said NASA Administrator Charles Bolden. "Missions like these hold great promise to vastly increase our knowledge, extend our reach into the solar system and inspire future generations of explorers."

SAN FRANCISCO, April 4 (Xinhua) -- Google Inc. on Monday announced that it is bidding for patent portfolio of Nortel Networks in the bankruptcy auction for the Canadian telecommunications equipment maker.In a press release, the Toronto-based Nortel said Google has agreed to buy all of its remaining patents and patent applications for 900 million U.S. dollars in cash.Nortel, which filed for bankruptcy protection in 2009, expects the auction to be held in June this year, pending Canadian and U.S. court approvals.Nortel has selected Google's bid as the "stalking-horse bid," or the starting point against which others will bid prior to the auction.The agreement with Google includes the planned sale of about 6, 000 Nortel patents and patent applications spanning wireless, wireless 4G, data networking, optical, voice, Internet, service provider and semiconductors.According to Nortel, the patent portfolio touches nearly every aspect of telecommunications and additional markets, including Internet search and social networking."This is an unprecedented opportunity to acquire one of the most extensive and compelling patent portfolios to ever come on the market," George Riedel, Nortel's chief strategy officer, said in a statement.Google argued that the bid would help protect it from patent litigation and foster innovation.The technology industry has recently seen an explosion in patent litigation, often involving low-quality software patents, which threatens to stifle innovation, Kent Walker, Google's general counsel, said in a blog post, believing the best defense against such litigation is to have a "formidable patent portfolio. ""So after a lot of thought, we've decided to bid for Nortel's patent portfolio in the company's bankruptcy auction," he said."If successful, we hope this portfolio will not only create a disincentive for others to sue Google, but also help us, our partners and the open source community -- which is integrally involved in projects like Android and Chrome -- continue to innovate," Walker noted.

WASHINGTON, April 11 (Xinhua) -- Taking a statin before having major elective surgery reduces potentially serious kidney complications, according to a study appearing in an upcoming issue of the Journal of the American Society Nephrology.Each year, more than 230 million major elective surgeries are performed around the world. Unfortunately, many patients who undergo major operations develop kidney injury soon after surgery, often due to decreased blood flow to the kidneys and/or the effects of inflammation.Animal studies suggest that the cholesterol-lowering drugs called statins protect the kidneys from such damage, but whether a similar benefit occurs in humans is uncertain. To investigate, Amber Molnar, University of Western Ontario, and colleagues conducted a population-based retrospective study of all older patients who underwent major elective surgery in the province of Ontario, Canada from 1995 to 2008. Surgeries included cardiac, thoracic, vascular, intra-abdominal, and retroperitoneal procedures.A total of 213,347 patients from 211 hospitals underwent major elective surgery, and 4,020 patients (1.9 percent) developed postoperative kidney injury within two weeks of surgery. A total of 1,173 patients (0.5 percent) required dialysis within two weeks of surgery, and 5,974 patients (2.8 percent) died within a month of surgery.Prior to surgery, 67,941 patients (32 percent) were taking a statin. Patients taking a statin were 20 percent less likely to develop kidney injury, need dialysis, and die compared to patients who were not taking a statin. Also, there was evidence of a dose-effect, with patients on higher potency statins having less kidney injury. In addition, statins were beneficial whether they were started greater than 90 days or less than 30 days prior to surgery."Our study suggests that statin use in older persons results in less kidney injury following major elective surgery and reduces the risk of premature death after surgery," said Molnar, adding that the results warrant further investigation with more rigorous studies, but such trials will be difficult to carry out.

TIANJIN, April 16 (Xinhua) -- As China tries to establish a universal medicare umbrella, its first move to offer treatment to all the hemophilia patients in the country is to know their population and where they are.China's national hemophilia information management center registered 7,980 cases nationwide since its establishment last year in a bid to provide reference for making national treatment policies and medicine production quota, said the center officials Saturday.Yang Renchi with the center and the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, said that the patient information database will help the government make hemophilia-related medical and social welfare policies, optimize resources and guide the manufacturing of drugs such as coagulation factor VIII.The information center, created by the Ministry of Health, is located in the Blood Diseases Hospital of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in the port city Tianjin in north China.Hemophilia is a rare genetic bleeding disorder that prevents the blood from clotting properly, resulting in easy bruising and prolonged bleeding from trauma. Lack of treatment can lead to permanent disabilities or even death.China is estimated to have roughly 100,000 hemophilia patients."Be inspired; get involved in Treatment for All" is the theme for the 22nd World Hemophilia Day, which falls on Sunday, April 17."A necessary precondition for 'Treatment for All' is to know the clinical information and location of each case," said Yang, "and this is exactly what the information system does."In addition, China plans to establish hospital-based provincial hemophilia management centers within five years across the country to register and monitor patients and standardize disease diagnosis and treatment under the information system.SHORTAGE OF DRUGSBlood-derived coagulation factor VIII and recombinant coagulation factor VIII are two effective drugs which are vital for hemophiliacs. However, the drugs are expensive and produced in limited quantities, a difficulty which hundreds of thousands of hemophiliacs in China have to confront.According to Yang, the minimum dose of coagulation factor VIII for prevention of bleeding episodes is two international units (IU) per kg of weight a day. A 50-kg hemophilia patient needs at least 36,500 IU of factor VIII every year to prevent bleeding."Each IU of blood-derived coagulation factor VIII costs about 3 yuan(0.46 U.S. dollars) and the annual cost is almost 120,000 yuan. The recombinant one is almost twice the price," said Yang.Only four drug firms are qualified to manufacture blood-derived coagulation factor VIII in China. The national output in 2010 was 400,000 vials (200 IU per vial) which means 80 million IU for the entire country.Wu Runhui, a hematology specialist with the Beijing Children's Hospital, said that the minimum dose is only for the prevention of bleeding episodes which are required to keep the patient alive. For the hemophiliac to live a regular lifestyle, 3,000 IU per kilo a year is needed, which would cost half a million yuan a year."Even in the most developed countries, a hemophiliac cannot survive without supportive medical policies and social welfare system," said Wu.

WASHINGTON, May 2 (Xinhua) -- Rice originated in China, a team of U.S. genome researchers has concluded in a study tracing back thousands of years of evolutionary history through large-scale gene re-sequencing.Their findings, which appear Monday in the latest issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), indicate that domesticated rice may have first appeared as far back as approximately 9,000 years ago in the Yangtze Valley of China. Previous research suggested domesticated rice may have two points of origin -- India as well as China.Asian rice, Oryza sativa, is one of world's oldest crop species. It is also a very diverse crop, with tens of thousands of varieties known throughout the world. Two major subspecies of rice -- japonica and indica -- represent most of the world's varieties. Sushi rice, for example, is a type of japonica, while most of the long-grain rice in risottos are indica.Because rice is so diverse, its origins have been the subject of scientific debate. One theory -- a single-origin model -- suggests that indica and japonica were domesticated once from the wild rice O. rufipogon.Another -- a multiple-origin model -- proposes that these two major rice types were domesticated separately and in different parts of Asia. The multiple-origin model has gained currency in recent years as biologists have observed significant genetic differences between indica and japonica, and several studies examining the evolutionary relationships among rice varieties supported more than domestication in both India and China.In the PNAS study, the researchers re-assessed the evolutionary history, or phylogeny, of domesticated rice using previously published datasets, some of which have been used to argue that indica and japonica rice have separate origins. Using more modern computer algorithms, however, the researchers concluded these two species have the same origin because they have a closer genetic relationship to each other than to any wild rice species found in either India or China.In addition, the study's authors examined the phylogeny of domesticated rice by re-sequencing 630 gene fragments on selected chromosomes from a diverse set of wild and domesticated rice varieties. Using new modeling techniques, which had previously been used to look at genomic data in human evolution, their results showed that the gene sequence data was more consistent with a single origin of rice.In the study, the investigators also used a "molecular clock" of rice genes to see when rice evolved. Depending on how the researchers calibrated their clock, they pinpointed the origin of rice at possibly 8,200 years ago, while japonica and indica split apart from each other about 3,900 years ago. The study's authors pointed out that these molecular dates were consistent with archaeological studies.Archaeologists have uncovered evidence in the last decade for rice domestication in the Yangtze Valley beginning approximately 8, 000 to 9,000 years ago while domestication of rice in the India's Ganges region was around about 4,000 years ago."As rice was brought in from China to India by traders and migrant farmers, it likely hybridized extensively with local wild rice," explained New York University biologist Michael Purugganan, one of the study's co-authors. "So domesticated rice that we may have once thought originated in India actually has its beginnings in China."