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 Two 250,000-year-old teeth from two Neanderthal children revealed that both of them were exposed to lead twice during their short lifetimes, the first known case of lead exposure in Neanderthals.An international team of researchers studied the two teeth, as well as one from a modern human child who lived 5,000 years ago. All of them are from the same archaeological site in southeast France. The results of their analysis were published Wednesday in the journal Science Advances."Traditionally, people thought lead exposure occurred in populations only after industrialization, but these results show it happened prehistorically, before lead had been widely released into the environment," said Christine Austin, study co-author and assistant professor in the Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. "Our team plans to analyze more teeth from our ancestors and investigate how lead exposures may have affected their health and how that may relate to how our bodies respond to lead today."And as with tree rings, researchers used the teeth to determine key events in the children's lives. During childhood, new teeth layers are formed each day, capturing chemical signatures that can be traced."Teeth record environmental variation based on the climate, even where you're growing up," said Tanya Smith, lead author of the study and associate professor at Griffith University. "That's possible because when you're growing, your teeth you actually lock in a record of the chemistry of the water and the food that you're eating and drinking. Because teeth have these tiny timelines, we can relate the chemistry to the growth to calculate ancient climate records. We can't do that with any other element of the body."They were able to determine that one of the Neanderthal children was born in the spring and that both children were more likely to be sick during the colder winter seasons. They lived through more extreme seasons with a greater variation in temperature than the modern human child who was also studied.The intact teeth had growth rings, which the researchers used to measure barium, lead and oxygen. Lasers targeted tiny spots in the teeth to map their chemistry and reconstruct ancient climate records. This reconstruction was able to map a weekly scale of variation, showing when the summer and winter seasons happened and how long they lasted. The researchers related this back to the individual's growth."This study reports a major breakthrough in the reconstruction of ancient climates, a significant factor in human evolution, as temperature and precipitation cycles influenced the landscapes and food resources our ancestors relied on," Smith said.The growth rings also provided evidence of nursing."We were able to identify milk intake through breastfeeding in one individual based on a trace element called barium," Smith said. "We were able to time that to the season."That individual nursed for 2? years, which is similar to modern human children who lived in hunter-gatherer environments. "This is something we may share in common with Neanderthals," Smith said. Unfortunately, although the Neanderthal child survived infancy, it did not reach adulthood. The ages of the children were not included in the study.The researchers believe that the children were exposed to lead environmentally, either inhaling or ingesting it."That must have come from natural deposits in the area, whether they were going into an underground environment or they were eating contaminated food that was incorporated into their growing bones and teeth," Smith said.Smith believes that this research emphasizes the different levels of information that can be taken from teeth."We've now got the ability to integrate ancient climate data with health history, nursing history and illness," she said. "To be able to get all that information from a single sample 250,000 years ago is a unique opportunity."But this doesn't just apply to studying those who lived before us."Dietary patterns in our early life have far-reaching consequences for our health, and by understanding how breastfeeding evolved, we can help guide the current population on what is good breastfeeding practice," said Manish Arora, study co-author and vice chairman of the Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health at the Icahn School of Medicine. "Our research team is working on applying these techniques in contemporary populations to study how breastfeeding alters health trajectories including those of neurodevelopment, cardiac health and other high-priority health outcomes." 4648

With the national debt continuing to grow, a group of citizens have created an online petition in hopes of selling Montana to Canada in hopes of reducing the United States' debt. Nearly 10,000 people have signed a petition on 238

 French police clashed in Paris on Saturday with protesters staging a fourth weekend of "gilets jaunes" demonstrations against the government of President Emmanuel Macron.Officers fired rubber bullets and hundreds of canisters of tear gas at the demonstrators, some of whom had set several vehicles on fire. At least 30 people were reported wounded, including three police officers, with 551 people taken into custody.Two photographers from the newspaper Le Parisien were hit by projectiles. One was taken to hospital as dusk drew near in a city still in shock from last weekend's riots -- the worst to hit the French capital in decades. One Paris resident, teacher Francesca Testi, tweeted a video of "gilets jaunes" protesters smashing up what appeared to be a cafe.Another French radio reporter, Boris Kharlamoff, tweeted a photo of his wounded stomach after being hit by a rubber bullet."A policeman shot at me with a rubber bullet even though my press arm band was showing," he wrote. "It hurts but it's alright. Colleagues be careful on the Champs-Elysees."Several thousand protesters, most of them male and dressed in "gilets jaunes," the yellow high-visibility jackets that have become the symbol of the movement, took part in demonstrations, converging on the Champs-Elysees around midday local time. Police then used water cannons in a bid to disperse the crowd.Tires were also set on fire, but with riot police outnumbering the demonstrators by about two to one, there were none of the violent scenes that grabbed international attention a week ago.A smaller "yellow vest" demonstration of around 500 people also took place in the Belgian capital Brussels near the European Parliament, according to the newspaper Le Soir. Scuffles broke out between police and protesters and 70 people were arrested.Meanwhile, across the Atlantic, US President Donald Trump claimed the "gilets jaunes" protests, which started in protest against an eco-tax on gas, underscored his decision not to sign the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change."The Paris Agreement isn't working out so well for Paris," he tweeted. "Protests and riots all over France. People do not want to pay large sums of money, much to third world countries (that are questionably run), in order to maybe protect the environment. Chanting 'We Want Trump!' Love France."CNN reporters on the ground say the only time they heard Trump mentioned was as a joke when they were recording.Earlier, TV images showed French protesters parading past the flagship stores of some of Paris's best-known luxury brands such as Mont Blanc and Cartier, all with their shutters tightly fastened on what would normally be a busy shopping day before Christmas.Anticipating a repeat of last weekend's violence, monuments including the Eiffel Tower and many of the French capital's metro stations remained closed with about 8,000 police on the streets of Paris with tens of thousands more deployed across the country.A spokesman for the French Interior Ministry said there were about 31,000 protesters on the streets across France, compared to 36,000 this time last week."We have to change the Republic," Ilda, a yellow jacket protester from the south of France near Toulouse, told CNN. "People here are starving. Some people earn just 500 euros a month you can't afford to live. People don't want to stop because we want the President to go."Patrice, a pensioner from Paris, said he was protesting because of "the government and the taxes and all these problems. We have to survive."With more riots expected in other parts of the country, French Prime Minister Edouard Philippe said the government was deploying 89,000 security force members across the country.The French retail sector has suffered a loss in revenue of about .1 billion since the beginning of the yellow vest protests last month, a spokeswoman for the French retail federation, Sophie Amoros, told CNN.Amid heightened tensions, police seized 28 petrol bombs and three homemade explosive devices Friday at an area blockaded by protesters in Montauban in southern France, a spokesman for the Tarn-et-Garonne prefecture told CNN.Dominique Moisi, a foreign policy expert at the Paris-based Institut Montaigne and a former Macron campaign adviser, told CNN the French presidency was not only in crisis but that Europe's future also hung in the balance."In a few months from now, there will be European elections, and France was supposed to be the carrier of hope and European progress. What happens if it's no longer? If the President is incapacitated to carry that message?" Moisi asked."It's about the future of democracy, as well; illiberal democracies are rising all over the world. And if Macron fails, the future of France risks looking like the presidency of Italy today. And it's much more serious because we have a centralized state, which plays a major role in the balance of power within Europe."But make no mistake, it is a French version of a much more global phenomenon."France's far left CGT movement has pledged support for the movement, which is also supported by the far-right leader Marine Le Pen. 5141

YUMA, Ariz. — Mayor Douglas Nicholls announced a state of emergency Tuesday in Yuma, Arizona, due to the large amount of asylum-seeking migrants being released into the city.Yuma is the first border city to declare a state of emergency in response to the influx of migrant families coming to the U.S.-Mexico border seeking asylum.The U.S. Border Patrol has been releasing migrants to Yuma's shelter system over the last few weeks."There's an imminent threat of having too many migrant releases into our community, and it's above our capacity as a community to sustain," Nicholls 591

(CNN) -- Apple announced a .5 billion financial package to help address the housing crisis in California, which has worsened in part because of the rapid growth of tech companies.The company laid out a five-point plan, including billion for an affordable housing investment fund, billion in mortgage assistance for first-time home buyers and opening some Apple-owned land valued at 0 million for development. The remaining 0 million will go toward a San Francisco housing fund and to support vulnerable populations.In San Francisco, roughly 7,000 people are homeless. There is a shortage of affordable homes across the Bay Area, which is pushing out middle and low-income workers like teachers and restaurant employees. Critics say the influx of tech companies and their well-paid workers has contributed to the ongoing housing crisis.RELATED: Company turns several San Diego apartments into vacation rentals"Affordable housing means stability and dignity, opportunity and pride," said Apple CEO Tim Cook in a press release. "When these things fall out of reach for too many, we know the course we are on is unsustainable, and Apple is committed to being part of the solution."The money won't be distributed immediately or all at once. Apple said it will "take approximately two years to be fully utilized depending on the availability of projects." Money made on the projects will be "reinvested in future projects over the next five years," the company said.RELATED: Study examines San Diego's 'affordability crisis'The financial package was created in partnership with California Governor Gavin Newsom. He said that Apple is "serious about solving this issue" and hopes other companies follow the company's lead.Other tech companies have announced financial packages with similar goals, although Apple's is the largest.Google pledged billion in June to redevelop company-owned land for affordable housing and created an investment fund to incentivize developers to build at least 5,000 affordable housing units in the region. In January, Facebook teamed up with organizations to raise 0 million to help fight the housing crisis.The housing issue has received national attention and was a topic of major debate during the last California state election.RELATED: Home building numbers show major decrease in San Diego in 2019In November 2018, voters passed the largest corporate tax increase in San Francisco's history — an issue that pitted Salesforce CEO Marc Benioff against Twitter and Square CEO Jack Dorsey. Benioff accused Dorsey and other tech leaders who opposed the ballot measure of not giving enough back to the city where their companies are headquartered. As tech companies expand, their high-paid employees create a supply-demand imbalance for housing, sending California's home prices through the roof.-- CNN Business' Ahiza Garcia contributed to this report. 2904