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JAKARTA, Sept. 21 (Xinhua) -- Comprehensive efforts are needed to save coral reefs as their living compound is prone to environmental damage, an Indonesian expert told Xinhua in an exclusive interview on Tuesday.Nurul Dhewani Mirah Sjafrie, coordinator of Coral Reef Information and Training Center (CRITC) for western Indonesia at the Indonesian Science Institute, the government think-tank institution, said that currently only more than five percent of coral reefs in Indonesia are in "excellent condition.""Based on monitoring of the thousands of observation stations we have, the rest are in damage, bad and moderate condition," Sjafrie said in her office.She said that it is not impossible to increase the number as long as all people are aware of the importance to save coral reefs."People should be aware that coral reefs live in sea with warm enough temperature of 18-25 Celsius degree with certain level of brightness, among others. If the requirements are fulfilled, we can see coral reef growing safely," said Sjafrie.She also said it needs upstream-to-downstream arrangement to support the efforts."For example, in western Indonesia, we have many big rivers. If illegal logging practice keeps continuing, it will cause sedimentation in the sea. It means there is a decreasing quality. So, coral reef salvation is not only conducted in ocean," Sjafrie said.She also expressed concern that many people dump garbage in rivers."They throw their garbage in plastic bags. For plastic only, it takes 100 years to be completely decomposed. Let's say 10-15 percent of our people do the malpractice everyday, you can imagine how many garbage entering the sea," she said.Sjafrie said that the key to guard coral reef sustainability is in human habit."Coral reef destruction could be caused by nature such as tsunami, earthquake, crown torn (Acanthaster plancii) that consumes coral reefs. But the biggest factor is human with their destructive fishing using bombs," she said.According to Sjafrie, people do the practice with three causes, namely ignorance, needs and greed.She added that efforts have been conducted by the government, private sector and non governmental organizations (NGOs) to save coral reefs."We have a program called the CORMAP of Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Program. The government uses instrument of National Program of People Empowerment while NGOs do their part. If we could combine the actions, we could reach the same goal," she said.She added that the government train people to be productive by providing skills and in the same time, her organization and NGOs socialize and campaign the importance of coral reefs."When people have better jobs and activities and they are equipped with the awareness, they will do positive thing and stop destroying the sea," Sjafrie said.

SYDNEY, Sept. 5 (Xinhua) -- Australian scientists believe " brown fat," a wondrous tissue that burns energy to generate heat, could help people fight obesity, local media reported on Monday.A research team from Sydney's Garvan Institute of Medical Research (GIMR) has worked out how to grow brown fat from stem cells biopsied from adults, raising hopes that one day brown fat could be transplanted in obese people to speed up calories they burn, the Australian Associated Press (AAP) reported.Garvan endocrinologist Paul Lee, who led the research, is optimistic about targeting brown fat as an obesity intervention, commenting "it's a highly metabolically active form of fat, and very exciting that we may be able to stimulate its growth in people."People are born with supplies of brown fat around their neckline to keep them warm as infants, according to scientists at GIMR.Scientists now know that brown fat is present in most, if not all, adults mainly just behind the collarbone.Studies have found that adults with brown fat are slimmer than those without."Although this is early work, it is a proof of concept study showing that the growth of brown fat cells is possible, using precursor cells taken from adult humans, under appropriate stimulation," Lee said."Regardless of whether or not someone has lots of or little brown fat, the precursor cells are universally present. Under the appropriate growth factor and hormonal stimulation, the cells all grow and differentiate into mature brown fat cells."However, Lee warned more work was needed.Lee said even if brown fat was transplanted into obese people or drugs developed to stimulate the growth of brown fat, exercise and a healthy diet would still be crucial to aiding weight loss."So I don't think this is a solution to obesity because there are so many other factors (involved in obesity)," he said."Despite how efficient brown fat is at burning energy, we would only need a few doughnuts to diminish or negate its benefits."Lee said it would be years before tests could be carried out on brown fat transplants.In the meantime, he is expanding his study to test different ways to grow brown fat.His study, to be printed in the October issue of Endocrinology, has been published in the online edition of the journal.

BEIJING, July 1 (Xinhuanet) -- China must adopt a holistic approach to addressing food safety challenges connected to the risk of contracting infectious diseases from contact with animals, the World Health Organization (WHO) has said. Peter Ben Embarek, food safety officer at WHO's China office, said the country faces risks connected to the need to produce more meat, eggs and milk to feed its growing population. He said the increased production will ramp up the risk of people being infected by food-borne diseases because of poor slaughtering oversight and the absence of proper surveillance and inspection systems. About 50 percent of pigs in China are slaughtered outside of formal facilities without the inspection of veterinarians or food safety officers. He said poorly trained producers have little or no awareness of food safety or the risk of animal diseases being passed on to humans. Such an environment could lead to the emergence of a new pandemic of influenza. During the past 60 years, 30 percent of the 335 new infectious diseases worldwide were transmitted through food, he said. Yet in many parts of China, public awareness remains low about such things. Xu Aixiang, a 35-year-old resident of Rizhao city in Shandong province, prefers to buy live poultry at local markets. Like many of her neighbors, she takes the chickens she buys home to slaughter them. "I get fresher chickens that are better quality this way," she said. "When vendors sell slaughtered chickens, the meat is no longer fresh and may have had water injected into it to make it heavier." But Ben Embarek cautioned that such live-animal markets are high-risk places for the exchange of viruses and diseases between animals and humans. He said simple and cost-effective measures can be taken to improve such markets' hygiene standards, such as the installation of separate areas to keep live poultry away from customers as well as improving air flow and waste management. Several UN agencies, including the WHO and the Food and Agriculture Organization, called on China to adopt an integrated approach to preventing emerging epidemic diseases and maintaining ecosystem integrity at an event themed "One Health" that convened on Wednesday in Beijing. At the gathering, representatives from the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture and the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention shared experiences from efforts to mitigate the H5N1 and H1N1 influenza outbreaks in China and said they were committed to working together in the future. Su Jingliang, an associate professor of preventive veterinary medicine at China Agricultural University, said his lab had detected the outbreak of a new type of flavivirus in ducks that led to a significant fall in egg production at farms in Beijing as well as in Hebei, Jiangxi and Shandong provinces. The pandemic was brought under control in March. No cases of humans contracting the disease have been reported so far but Su said he was concerned about the possibility of farmers becoming infected through close contact and long exposure to sick ducks. He said precautionary measures should be taken in cooperation with the Ministry of Health and other government agencies and checks should be run on people who are at high risk. Xu Wei contributed to this story.

COPENHAGEN, May 29 (Xinhua) -- The number of confirmed E.coli cases has risen to 11 with at least another eight persons suspected of having the intestinal infection in Denmark, according to Denmark's National Serum Institute on Sunday.Five of the confirmed cases show symptoms of kidney failure which marks an advanced stage of the sickness, the institute said.Danish cucumbers are suspected of helping spread the E. coli bacteria believed to be causing a deadly outbreak of intestinal infection in Denmark and Germany, local media reported Sunday.The Danish cucumbers were mixed in Germany with cucumbers originating in the Netherlands, making it difficult to determine if Danish cucumbers are in fact contaminated.Denmark's Veterinary and Food Administration (DVFA) had earlier said the suspicion against Danish cucumber was "vague", but advised Danish consumers not to eat raw tomatoes, lettuces and cucumbers from Germany, and cucumber from Spain.It is now checking Danish cucumbers for traces of E. coli with results expected on Tuesday.Some Danish retailers have now removed these products from their supermarket shelves. And the Danish branch of fast-food chain McDonald's announced Saturday that it was dropping fresh cucumbers from its menu until further notice.The infection, which is food-borne, can be caused by eating raw or uncooked foods such as vegetables contaminated with the E. coli bacteria.Symptoms of infection include mild fever, bloody diarrhea and vomiting, and can last five to seven days. It can prove fatal in the very young, sick, or elderly.

He also said that China's track record of sharing knowledge with the World Bank was creating a "catalyst for consensus" and that placed the institutions in good stead to benefit from China's economic consistence."The Chinese policy mix includes a tool box of administrative measures ... In general, one of the lessons that the United States and others can learn (from China) is that to have supervisory policies for bank regulatory systems can be a useful part of the tool set."Aside from hinting that over-heating global real estate markets could benefit from China's regulatory tightening, Zoellick suggested if China moved to more market-exposed decision making, he hoped China's bank regulators would not step too far back."Over time China will be better served to move to more precise and market signals than more administration-based decisions. Over time China will want to move to more market based decisions ... but I don't want this to be interpreted that supervisors don't have to supervise," he said.