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BEIJING, Jan. 24 (Xinhua) -- China has invested 115 billion yuan (17.45 billion U.S. dollars) on the South-to-North Water Diversion Project as of the end of last year, a senior official said Monday.E Jingping, director of the Office of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project Commission (SNWDPC) of the State Council, said construction on 40 projects began last year, marking a new annual record.No major accidents happened while constructing the projects last year, E said.The South-to-North Water Diversion Project is designed to divert water from the water-rich south of China, mainly the Yangtze, the country's longest river, to the country's arid northern regions. It will consist of three routes: an eastern, middle and western route. The project started with construction of the eastern route in 2002.Up until now, both of the eastern and middle routes were already under construction. The western route, meant to replenish the Yellow River with water from the upper reaches of the Yangtze through tunnels in the high mountains of western China, is still in the planning stage.About 330,000 people in Hubei and Henan Provinces will be relocated before the middle route is completed in 2014.

BEIJING, Feb. 25 (Xinhua) -- Chinese Vice Premier Li Keqiang on Thursday ordered local governments to increase funding for affordable housing projects, stressing that the construction of 10 million units was a mandatory task that must be fulfilled this year.Speaking at a national conference on affordable housing for low and middle income groups, Li said that the construction of 10 million affordable housing units this year is of great significance for the government to stabilize public expectations, control housing prices, improve people's lives and boost domestic consumption."Housing is imperative for people's lives and local governments must waste no time in beginning the construction of 10 million affordable housing units this year and putting them into service as early as possible," Li said.To facilitate the government's subsidized affordable housing projects, Li said that local governments should ensure basic market supply with small units and guide the public to "reasonable consumption."More efforts are also needed to develop low-rent public housing and satisfy the demands of residents for affordable public housing, Li said. To support the construction of affordable housing, local governments can use tax breaks, determine the rent for public housing reasonably and finance construction projects in different ways, such as bank loans and social investment, he added.Li also called on local governments to increase land supplies for common commercial housing construction. The vice premier called on authorities to ensure transparency and fairness in the distribution of affordable housing units to benefit low-income groups who are in need.He stressed the need to discourage house purchases for the purposes of investment and speculation and to increase the supply of common commercial apartments and strictly implement the central government's macro control policies for the real estate market.The Chinese central government signed strict agreements with provincial governments to guarantee the construction of 10 million government-subsidized apartments this year. The target of building 10 million government-subsidized apartments is 72.4 percent more than last year, according to official figures.China's affordable housing provisions are divided into different categories, including "economic housing" that are sold below market prices, "price-capped housing," government-owned "low-rent housing" for extremely poor residents and "public-rent housing" for a wider range of people.

BEIJING, Feb. 14 (Xinhua) -- "Dear Premier Wen, I'd like to tell you the good news first. The problem I brought up at the seminar last year has been solved in Beijing," wrote 34-year-old, wheelchair-bound Li Nan to Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao on Jan. 20 this year.The problem Li referred to was the high prices of one-off hygiene products that had plagued people with work-related spinal cord injuries for a long time.On Jan. 31, 2010, Wen talked with a group of ordinary people in Chaoyang District in Beijing to get their opinions on the draft of a government work report that will be submitted to the national legislature in March.Wen asked Li to be the first to voice her views at the seminar. Li said that patients with spinal cord injuries had to spend about 2,000 yuan (303 U.S. dollars) a month on one-off hygiene products because of their incontinence."My injury allowance is roughly 2,000 yuan a month. I have to live on my parents' pension," she said.She suggested giving more attention to the employment and mental health of the disabled, and also for some revisions on the catalogue of drug and auxiliary devices for those disabled by work-related injuries. She also proposed more subsidies for these people.Responding to the suggestions, Wen said, "Li Nan's case is far from an individual one. The disabled are a very large group of people in China who need more attention... We need to study, revise and renew the government regulations on work-related injury insurance."Wen also encouraged Li to be optimistic in face of ordeals.Li, who graduated from Beijing Youth Politics College in 1997, was once a prize-winning amateur dancer. However, she became confined to a wheelchair after a traffic accident in 2003.On March 5 last year, Li beamed with pride as she watched TV. Premier Wen was delivering the government work report at the annual session of the national legislature.Wen pledged to "work harder to build the social security and social services system for people with disabilities." The premier also promised that "Workers' compensation will be extended to all of the 1.3 million workers injured in previous jobs who are not receiving benefits.""I am thrilled to see that my advice on improving social security for the disabled was included in the government work report," Li said in her letter, which summarized the changes she experienced in the past year because of the improved social security system.The Beijing Municipal Human Resources and Social Security Bureau announced last year that people would be reimbursed for one-off diapers and urine bags under the municipal work-related injury insurance program beginning June 2010."The Beijing policy has relieved our heavy economic burdens and ensured the quality of our life," Li wrote.Li, however, said that though some places has begun to give living and nursing subsidies for the disabled, the policy needs to be extended to other parts of the country.After reading the letter on Jan. 31, Wen Jiabao instructed relevant organs in the State Council, or Cabinet, and the Beijing municipal government "to conduct research and set down policies to better protect and aid people with serious disabilities, and to help them solve their difficulties and improve their quality of life."

WASHINGTON, May 2 (Xinhua) -- Rice originated in China, a team of U.S. genome researchers has concluded in a study tracing back thousands of years of evolutionary history through large-scale gene re-sequencing.Their findings, which appear Monday in the latest issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), indicate that domesticated rice may have first appeared as far back as approximately 9,000 years ago in the Yangtze Valley of China. Previous research suggested domesticated rice may have two points of origin -- India as well as China.Asian rice, Oryza sativa, is one of world's oldest crop species. It is also a very diverse crop, with tens of thousands of varieties known throughout the world. Two major subspecies of rice -- japonica and indica -- represent most of the world's varieties. Sushi rice, for example, is a type of japonica, while most of the long-grain rice in risottos are indica.Because rice is so diverse, its origins have been the subject of scientific debate. One theory -- a single-origin model -- suggests that indica and japonica were domesticated once from the wild rice O. rufipogon.Another -- a multiple-origin model -- proposes that these two major rice types were domesticated separately and in different parts of Asia. The multiple-origin model has gained currency in recent years as biologists have observed significant genetic differences between indica and japonica, and several studies examining the evolutionary relationships among rice varieties supported more than domestication in both India and China.In the PNAS study, the researchers re-assessed the evolutionary history, or phylogeny, of domesticated rice using previously published datasets, some of which have been used to argue that indica and japonica rice have separate origins. Using more modern computer algorithms, however, the researchers concluded these two species have the same origin because they have a closer genetic relationship to each other than to any wild rice species found in either India or China.In addition, the study's authors examined the phylogeny of domesticated rice by re-sequencing 630 gene fragments on selected chromosomes from a diverse set of wild and domesticated rice varieties. Using new modeling techniques, which had previously been used to look at genomic data in human evolution, their results showed that the gene sequence data was more consistent with a single origin of rice.In the study, the investigators also used a "molecular clock" of rice genes to see when rice evolved. Depending on how the researchers calibrated their clock, they pinpointed the origin of rice at possibly 8,200 years ago, while japonica and indica split apart from each other about 3,900 years ago. The study's authors pointed out that these molecular dates were consistent with archaeological studies.Archaeologists have uncovered evidence in the last decade for rice domestication in the Yangtze Valley beginning approximately 8, 000 to 9,000 years ago while domestication of rice in the India's Ganges region was around about 4,000 years ago."As rice was brought in from China to India by traders and migrant farmers, it likely hybridized extensively with local wild rice," explained New York University biologist Michael Purugganan, one of the study's co-authors. "So domesticated rice that we may have once thought originated in India actually has its beginnings in China."

LOS ANGELES, May 15 (Xinhua) -- Using a simple, minimally- invasive technique to analyze cells from the interior of the nose, U.S. researchers have detected lung cancer in its earliest stage.For the study, the researchers at the Boston University Medical Center collected nasal epithelial cells from thirty three smokers who were undergoing medically-indicated bronchoscopies for suspicion of lung cancer, according to the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) on Sunday.Of these patients, 11 were found to have benign disease and 22 had lung cancer. Brushings were taken from the right or left nostril and profiled on microarrays, a process that allows researchers to study gene expression changes.The researchers identified 170 genes that were differentially expressed between patients with and without lung cancer. They also found that genes linked to colon cancer and adenocarcinoma, as well as genes that trigger cell division and blood vessel growth, were expressed more heavily in patients with cancer. Genes involved in tumor suppression were also expressed at lower levels in these patients.Earlier studies have used gene expression differences in the bronchial airways to identify lung cancer in its early stages. The researchers relied on those results to design the current study."In this study we used the same principle as we used in our earlier studies of bronchial tissue, only this time, those methods were used to study nasal cells," said study author Christina Anderlind, MD, Instructor of Medicine. "Our hypothesis was that the upper airway epithelium of smokers with lung cancer displays a cancer-specific gene expression pattern, and that this airway nasal gene expression signature reflects the changes that occur in lung tissue."