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WASHINGTON, Nov. 16 (Xinhua) -- Data from NASA's Galileo spacecraft have provided scientists evidence of what appears to be a body of liquid water, equal in volume to the North American Great Lakes, beneath the icy surface of Jupiter's moon, Europa, the U.S. space agency announced Wednesday.The data suggest there is significant exchange between Europa's icy shell and the ocean beneath. This information could bolster arguments that Europa's global subsurface ocean represents a potential habitat for life elsewhere in our solar system. The findings will be published Thursday in the scientific journal Nature.Europa, which is slightly smaller than Earth's moon, is believed to have a large ocean of salty water deep beneath its frozen crust. Galileo spacecraft, launched by the space shuttle Atlantis in 1989, studied Jupiter, which is the most massive planet in the solar system, and some of its many moons.Pictures of it sent back by Galileo point to a tortured surface of cracks and jumbled ice. Seeking to understand how such weird topography evolved in a place with such dim sunlight, scientists believe that the answer lies in similar processes on Earth.Their model suggests that Europa's ice shell is about 10 kilometers thick and within it are giant pockets of water, lying at depths as shallow as three kilometers. Warm water from these sub-surface lakes wells up in plumes, causing the ice to become brittle, crack and then collapse. The ice turnover would be a plus for the prospects for life, as it would transfer energy and nutrients between the sub-glacial lake and the surface."One opinion in the scientific community has been if the ice shell is thick, that's bad for biology. That might mean the surface isn't communicating with the underlying ocean," said Britney Schmidt, lead author of the paper and postdoctoral fellow at the Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin. " Now, we see evidence that it's a thick ice shell that can mix vigorously and new evidence for giant shallow lakes. That could make Europa and its ocean more habitable.""The data opens up some compelling possibilities," said Mary Voytek, director of NASA's Astrobiology Program. "However, scientists worldwide will want to take a close look at this analysis and review the data before we can fully appreciate the implication of these results."
BEIJING, Dec. 14 (Xinhua) -- China's new yuan-denominated lending in November rose 7.8 billion yuan (1.2 billion U.S. dollars) year-on-year to 562.2 billion yuan, the People's Bank of China, the central bank (PBOC), announced Wednesday.New loans in the month were smaller compared to that in October, which stood at 586.8 billion yuan.By the end of November, the outstanding broad money supply (M2), which covers cash in circulation and all deposits, rose 12.7 percent year-on-year to 82.55 trillion yuan, according to data released by the PBOC.Meanwhile, the narrow measure of money supply (M1), which covers cash in circulation plus demand deposits, increased 7.8 percent year-on-year to 28.14 trillion yuan by the end of last month, the figures showed.New yuan deposits last month fell sharply to 324.7 billion yuan, down 262.6 billion yuan year-on-year. Outstanding yuan-denominated deposits totaled 79.51 trillion yuan as of the end of last month, up 13.1 percent year-on-year, however, the growth rate was 6.5 percentage points lower compared to the same period last year.Meanwhile, outstanding foreign currencies-denominated deposits stood at 266.8 billion U.S. dollars, up 12.9 percent year-on-year. New deposits of foreign currencies rose 4.1 billion U.S. dollars year-on-year.

COPENHAGEN, Nov. 3 (Xinhua) -- The launch of Shenzhou-8 and the successful docking with Tiangong-1 in outer space represented a milestone in both Chinese and international space programs, Danish space scientist and media said Thursday.Michael Linden-Voernle, an astrophysicist at the Tycho Brahe Planetarium in Copenhagen, said new possibilities have opened for both Chinese and international space programs with high expectations."The recent launch of the Tiangong-1 module and now the successful docking with the Shenzhou-8 spacecraft is a very important step - a milestone for the Chinese space program in order to realize the goal of having a permanent presence in space. That means a large space station so this is really an important step, a major milestone," Linden-Voernle told Xinhua in an interview here on Thursday.Besides, a number of Danish news media reported the event, hailing it as a "historic and successful docking." The influential daily Politiken placed a two-minute's video for the successful coupling on its website and showed scenes from the Shenzhou-8 docking with Tiangong-1 together with a short commentary."Tonight two Chinese spacecraft made the historic and successful docking above the atmosphere for the first time ever. China had been the third country in the world after the United States and Russia to master the technique of docking in space. China has laid the foundation for its dominance in space," Politiken said.Jyllands-Posten, one of the bestselling newspapers in Denmark, carried a report with a brief description of China's first space docking under the headline "China closer to its own space station.""As the third country in the world, China has docked two spacecraft together perfectly in space," said Jyllands-Posten.China's unmanned spacecraft Shenzhou-8 and its space lab module Tiangong-1 rendezvoused early Thursday, successfully completing the country's first-ever space docking.
WASHINGTON, Dec. 22 (Xinhua) -- The journal Science on Thursday chose the HPTN 052 clinical trial, an international HIV prevention trial as the 2011 Breakthrough of the Year.The study found that if HIV-infected heterosexual individuals begin taking anti-retroviral medicines when their immune systems are relatively healthy as opposed to delaying therapy until the disease has advanced, they are 96 percent less likely to transmit the virus to their uninfected partners. Findings from the trial, first announced in May, were published in the New England Journal of Medicine in August.The study was funded by the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health."The HPTN 052 study convincingly demonstrated that anti- retroviral medications can not only treat but also prevent the transmission of HIV infection among heterosexual individuals," said NIAID Director Anthony Fauci in a statement. "We are pleased that Science recognized the extraordinary public health significance of these study results."Science's list of nine other ground-breaking scientific achievements from 2011 include:The Hayabusa Mission: After some near-disastrous technical difficulties and a stunningly successful recovery, Japan's Hayabusa spacecraft returned to Earth with dust from the surface of a large, S-type asteroid. This asteroid dust represented the first direct sampling of a planetary body in 35 years, and analysis of the grains confirmed that the most common meteorites found on Earth, known as ordinary chondrules, are born from these much larger, S-type asteroids.Unraveling Human Origins: Studying the genetic code of both ancient and modern human beings, researchers discovered that many humans still carry DNA variants inherited from archaic humans, such as the mysterious Denisovans in Asia and still-unidentified ancestors in Africa. One study this year revealed how archaic humans likely shaped our modern immune systems, and an analysis of Australopithecus sediba fossils in South Africa showed that the ancient hominin possessed both primitive and Homo-like traits.Capturing a Photosynthetic Protein: In vivid detail, researchers in Japan have mapped the structure of the Photosystem II, or PSII, protein that plants use to split water into hydrogen and oxygen atoms. The crystal-clear image shows off the protein's catalytic core and reveals the specific orientation of atoms within. Now, scientists have access to this catalytic structure that is essential for life on Earth -- one that may also hold the key to a powerful source of clean energy.Pristine Gas in Space: Astronomers using the Keck telescope in Hawaii to probe the faraway universe wound up discovering two clouds of hydrogen gas that seem to have maintained their original chemistry for two billion years after the big bang. Other researchers identified a star that is almost completely devoid of metals, just as the universe's earliest stars must have been, but that formed much later. The discoveries show that pockets of matter persisted unscathed amid eons of cosmic violence.
BEIJING, Dec. 7 (Xinhua) -- China backs European efforts for further integration and supports current initiatives by the European Union to tackle the debt crisis, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Hong Lei said Wednesday.Hong told a regular press briefing that China will work with the international community to help stabilize the global financial market and promote the recovery and growth of the world economy."We have noted that the EU has made a series of important proposals to address the European sovereign debt crisis and we hope such proposals can work to help stabilize the market, restore market faith and prevent the crisis from deteriorating," Hong added.Europe's powerhouses France and Germany agreed Monday on a series of reforms aimed at changing the European Union treaty to impose tough controls on eurozone budgets.The new treaty would include automatic sanctions for states that fail to observe the 3 percent deficit rule, as well as a budget-balancing rule across the eurozone.New and significant decisions to tackle the crisis might be made during the EU summit to be held from Dec. 8 to 9, Hong predicted.Leaders from the 27 member states of the European Union will meet in Brussels on Dec. 8-9 to discuss how to resolve the eurozone crisis.
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