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WASHINGTON, Nov. 8 (Xinhua) -- Children with autism have more brain cells and heavier brains compared to typically developing children, according to a study to be published on Wednesday in the Journal of the American Medical Association.The small, preliminary study provides direct evidence for possible prenatal causes of autism.The prefrontal cortex is involved in various higher order functions such as language and communication, social behavior, mood, and attention. Children who have autism tend to show deficits in such functions.Eric Courchesne, of the University of San Diego School of Medicine Autism Center of Excellence, and colleagues conducted direct counts of brain cells in specific regions of the prefrontal cortex in postmortem brains of seven boys who had autism and six typically developing males, ranging in age from 2-16 years. Most participants had died in accidents, but the researchers did not base their selection on causes of death.The researchers found that children with autism had 67 percent more neurons in the prefrontal cortex and heavier brains for their age compared to typically developing children. Since these neurons are produced before birth, the study's findings suggest that faulty prenatal cell birth or maintenance may be involved in the development of autism. Another possible factor that may contribute to the neuronal excess is a reduction in apoptosis, or programmed cell death, which normally occurs during the third trimester and early postnatal life.Though small, this preliminary study examined all relevant postmortem tissue available at the time. The relative scarcity of tissue from very young children may limit future research as well, but efforts to include a larger number of samples are needed to confirm these findings and to identify patterns of age-related changes in autism, the researchers say."Earlier studies of head circumference and early brain overgrowth have pointed us in this direction, but there have been few quantitative neuroanatomical studies due to the lack of postmortem tissue from children with autism," said Thomas Insel, director of the National Institute of Mental Health, in a statement. "These new results, along with an earlier study reporting altered wiring of the prefrontal cortex, focus our attention on this critical area of the brain in autism."

BEIJING, Oct. 18 (Xinhuanet) -- Some seaweeds can kill the reef-building corals around them by emitting anti-coral chemicals, a new study found.The study was published Monday in the online edition of the journal Proceedings of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).The researchers investigated the interactions between eight different species of seaweed and three species of coral growing in the waters nearby the Fiji Islands, and identified a class of anti-coral organic compounds known as terpenes.These chemicals, found on the surfaces of several species of seaweed, can kill the coral by suppressing its photosynthesis.The finding suggests that the living space competition with seaweeds could be a factor of the coral's worldwide decline.Plant-eating fish normally controls seaweed growth on coral reefs, but the populations of these consumers are declining by the overfishing, which eventually resulted in the seaweed's dominant position, according to the researchers.Despite overfishing, pollution and warming oceans are also the contributors to coral's worldwide decline, said Jennifer Smith, a marine ecologist at the University of California, San Diego.

SAN FRANCISCO, Nov. 11 (Xinhua) -- Apple on Friday said it will "continue to investigate" the unexpected iPhone battery drain as some users still see the problems after downloading a latest software update designed to address the issues."The recent iOS software update addressed many of the battery issues that some customers experienced on their iOS 5 devices. We continue to investigate a few remaining issues," said Apple in a statement made to technology news site AllThingsD.Apple released iOS 5.0.1, an update to its latest mobile operating system iOS 5 on Thursday. The update includes fixes for some bugs which are blamed for shortening the battery life of iPhones and other devices that use the system.Some users said the battery life of their iPhones look much better after the update. But according to some posts on Apple's official support forums, some iPhone owners still claimed the issue is persisting, saying they saw no difference at all after downloading the update.Complaints about the battery life of Apple's latest iPhone 4S smartphone have been piling up on the Internet in the past weeks.On Apple's official support forums, some iPhone 4S owners said their handsets' battery drained more than 10 percent every hour, even when in standby mode with some advanced features like Siri and location services completely deactivated.It is reported that Apple engineers contacted some iPhone 4S owners in Britain and installed a diagnosis file on their devices to send details back to the company's headquarters in Cupertino, California.Apple confirmed the iPhone battery issue last Wednesday, saying that a few bugs in the iOS system have caused the problem and it will release a software update in a few weeks.

JERUSALEM, Oct. 24 (Xinhua) -- A recent study carried out by Israeli researchers showed that the experience of motherhood is caused by alterations in the brain functions that help mothers locate and communicate with their offspring, especially if they are in distress.Researchers at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem said the results provide insight into how neural changes in response to odors and sounds help maternal behaviors develop in mothers."We know that distinct brain changes are linked with motherhood, " Dr. Adi Mizrahi, who conducted the research, said, "but the impact of these changes on sensory processing and the emergence of maternal behaviors are largely unknown."Mizrahi and his colleagues examined whether the primary auditory cortex -- a region in the brain that is involved in the recognition of sounds -- might serve to process the responses to their offspring's specific smell and voice.The research proved that the olfactory and auditory senses of female mice with their pups were triggered immediately after they gave birth, with especially strong responses to cries of distress."These processes help to explain how changes in the cortex in the brain facilitate efficient detection of pups," Mizrahi said.

BEIJING, Jan. 22 (Xinhua) -- China restored 23,000 hectares of wetlands in 2011, according to the latest figures from the State Forestry Administration (SFA).An SFA spokesman said China reinforced wetland protection in 2011 by increasing subsidies in protecting wetlands. In the year the country carried out 42 wetland protection projects, increased 330,000 hectares of protected wetland areas, added four wetlands of international importance and 68 national wetland parks.The spokesman said in 2012 the country will further step up wetland protection and restoration, finish the second national wetland resources investigation and carry out pilot projects in assessing healthy conditions of the wetland ecological system.So far China has built more than 550 wetland natural reserves, 37 wetlands of international importance, which were listed in the Ramsar international wetland convention, and 100 national wetland parks. About half of the country's natural wetlands have been brought under effective protection, the SFA said.

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