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WASHINGTON, Sept. 14 (Xinhua) -- Controlling diabetes may someday involve mining stem cells from the lining of the uterus, Yale School of Medicine researchers report in a new study published Wednesday in the journal Molecular Therapy. The team treated diabetes in mice by converting cells from the uterine lining into insulin-producing cells.The endometrium or uterine lining, is a source of adult stem cells. These cells generate uterine tissue each month as part of the menstrual cycle. Like other stem cells, however, they can divide to form other kinds of cells.Led by Yale Professor Hugh Taylor, the researchers bathed endometrial stem cells in cultures containing special nutrients and growth factors. Responding to these substances, the endometrial stem cells adopted the characteristics of beta cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. Over the course of a three- week incubation process, the endometrial stem cells took on the shape of beta cells and began to make proteins typically made by beta cells. Some of these cells also produced insulin.After a meal, the body breaks food down into components like the sugar glucose, which then circulates in the blood. In response, beta cells release insulin, which allows the body's cells to take in the circulating glucose. In this study, Taylor and his team exposed the mature stem cells to glucose and found that, like typical beta cells, the cultured cells responded by producing insulin. The team then injected diabetic mice with the mature, insulin-making stem cells. The mice had few working beta cells and very high levels of blood glucose.Mice that did not receive the stem cell therapy continued having high blood sugar levels, developed cataracts and were lethargic. In contrast, mice that received the cell therapy were active and did not develop cataracts, but the animals' blood sugar levels remained higher than normal.The Yale team's findings suggest that endometrial stem cells could be used to develop insulin-producing islet cells, which are found in the pancreas. These islet cells could then be used to advance the study of islet cell transplantation to treat people with diabetes.Taylor said in a statement that the next step in the research will be to verify how long this treatment remains effective.

WASHINGTON, Aug. 4 (Xinhua) -- Researchers have found a way to turn mouse embryonic stem cells into sperm and this finding opens up new avenues for infertility research and treatment, according to a study published Thursday in the online edition of journal Cell,A Kyoto University team coaxed mouse embryonic stem cells into sperm precursors, called primordial germ cells (PGCs), and shown that these cells can give rise to healthy sperm. The researchers say that such in vitro reconstitution of germ cell development represents one of the most fundamental challenges in biology.When transplanted into mice that were unable to produce sperm normally, the stem cell derived PGCs produced normal-looking sperm, which were then used to successfully fertilize eggs. These fertilized eggs, when transplanted into a recipient mother, produced healthy offspring that grew into fertile male and female adult mice. The same procedure could produce fertile offspring from induced pluripotent stem cells that are often derived from adult skin cells."Continued investigations aimed at in vitro reconstitution of germ cell development, including the induction of female primordial germ cell-like cells and their descendants, will be crucial for a more comprehensive understanding of germ cell biology in general, as well as for the advancement of reproductive technology and medicine," the researchers wrote.

LOS ANGELES, June 24 (Xinhua) -- Near-Earth asteroid 2011 MD will whip past Earth on June 27, but will not pose any threat, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) said on Friday.The asteroid will pass only 12,000 kilometers (7,500 miles) above the Earth's surface at about 9:30 EDT, according to JPL in Pasadena, Los Angeles.This small asteroid, only 5-20 meters in diameter, is in a very Earth-like orbit about the Sun, but an orbital analysis indicates there is no chance it will actually strike Earth on Monday, JPL said.If a rocky asteroid the size of 2011 MD were to enter Earth's atmosphere, it would be expected to burn up high in the atmosphere and cause no damage to Earth's surface, said JPL.The accompanying diagram gives a view of the asteroid's trajectory from the general direction of the Sun. This view indicates that 2011 MD will reach its closest Earth approach point in extreme southern latitudes (in fact over the southern Atlantic Ocean), according to JPL. The incoming trajectory leg passes several thousand kilometers outside the geosynchronous ring of satellites and the outgoing leg passes well inside the ring, JPL said.For a brief time, it may be bright enough to be seen even with a modest-sized telescope.One would expect an object of this size to come this close to Earth about every six years on average.The asteroid was discovered by the LINEAR near-Earth object discovery team observing from Socorro, New Mexico.

SYDNEY, Sept. 5 (Xinhua) -- Australian scientists believe " brown fat," a wondrous tissue that burns energy to generate heat, could help people fight obesity, local media reported on Monday.A research team from Sydney's Garvan Institute of Medical Research (GIMR) has worked out how to grow brown fat from stem cells biopsied from adults, raising hopes that one day brown fat could be transplanted in obese people to speed up calories they burn, the Australian Associated Press (AAP) reported.Garvan endocrinologist Paul Lee, who led the research, is optimistic about targeting brown fat as an obesity intervention, commenting "it's a highly metabolically active form of fat, and very exciting that we may be able to stimulate its growth in people."People are born with supplies of brown fat around their neckline to keep them warm as infants, according to scientists at GIMR.Scientists now know that brown fat is present in most, if not all, adults mainly just behind the collarbone.Studies have found that adults with brown fat are slimmer than those without."Although this is early work, it is a proof of concept study showing that the growth of brown fat cells is possible, using precursor cells taken from adult humans, under appropriate stimulation," Lee said."Regardless of whether or not someone has lots of or little brown fat, the precursor cells are universally present. Under the appropriate growth factor and hormonal stimulation, the cells all grow and differentiate into mature brown fat cells."However, Lee warned more work was needed.Lee said even if brown fat was transplanted into obese people or drugs developed to stimulate the growth of brown fat, exercise and a healthy diet would still be crucial to aiding weight loss."So I don't think this is a solution to obesity because there are so many other factors (involved in obesity)," he said."Despite how efficient brown fat is at burning energy, we would only need a few doughnuts to diminish or negate its benefits."Lee said it would be years before tests could be carried out on brown fat transplants.In the meantime, he is expanding his study to test different ways to grow brown fat.His study, to be printed in the October issue of Endocrinology, has been published in the online edition of the journal.