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With news of two highly effective COVID-19 vaccines on the horizon, health officials and scientists are giving us new insight into how we could gain herd immunity."If we think of the population as a single group of people with all similar risks and susceptibilities and behaviors, we need 60% of people to be immune, meaning that not only they don’t get sick, but also they don't pass on the virus to other people," says Dr. Stuart Ray, an infectious disease professor and herd immunity expert at Johns Hopkins University.Dr. Ray says achieving herd immunity with the help of a COVID-19 vaccine would mean enough people would either get the vaccine or already have recovered from the virus and be immune to help stop the spread of the virus."It's a little bit like this notion that if you’re going to pass on a message from a lot of people in a group, they have to speak the same language. And the more people don't speak the language, the harder it's going to be to pass that message and there’s a threshold at which the message just gets stopped," says Dr. Ray.Still, it would take a certain number of people to get the vaccine and have that immunity last in order to reach herd immunity. Stanford University's Dr. Bali Pulendran hopes that we can achieve herd immunity, even though there are a certain number of people who are still hesitant to take the vaccine."I think we should remember that a vaccine that is 95% effective is only effective if the majority of people in a population take it. If only half the population or only 60% of the population take it, then we are unlikely to have achieved the level of herd immunity that you need for curbing the disease," says Dr. Pulendran.And if the new COVID-19 vaccine requires two doses, how crucial will it be to make sure people receive that second round of immunization?Asked whether follow up will be a concern, Dr. Ray says, "I think it is a possible concern. We’re going to do a lot of learning. So, one of the things we’ve learned is that some vaccines we thought you needed multiple doses, one dose works pretty well."Doctors say research will be ongoing on the vaccine and the virus itself to ensure people will be protected as much as possible, because so many are hopeful for an end to COVID-19. 2268

When it comes to free food, demand is up and donations are down.To help feed the hungry, volunteers have turned a school parking lot into a pantry.“That’s what's important,” said Maria Estrada with the Wyatt Academy, a charter school in Denver, Colorado.Once a week, her teams passes out free bags of food to families and to people like Marco Esparza.“I’m getting some apples and potatoes,” he said.For Esparza, these donations more than just feed his family.“With this kind of pandemic, it helps us to stay safe at home."Since COVID-19 hit, Estrada says more people are requesting food donations across the country while volunteers adjust to the new norm and practice new safety guidelines.“Things are different,” Estrada said about food donation centers. “We now have to make sure everybody is wearing gloves. We want to make sure everybody is being safe. Everybody has their masks on. We’re trying to keep everybody social distanced.”Estrada says the COVID-19 crisis is creating somewhat of a national food shortage crisis. That’s why they’re now partnering with the YMCA.“When COVID hit, YMCAs across the country started to support food programming,” said Katie Canfield with the YMCA.Nationwide, the YMCA has provided 37 million meals to more than one million people in the last six months. That’s an increase of more than 25% since the same time last year as they now deal with new safety regulations.“We are making sure that our community is using hand sanitizer,” Canfield said. “We are currently handling the food and then we hand them the bag when its complete.”Moving forward, the YMCA hopes to go mobile and bring food straight to people’s houses.But for now, they’ll focus on helping feed people in person. 1727

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While Election Day is still 19 days away, voters were already forced to make a decision on Thursday: Donald Trump or Joe Biden.While the decision will not show up on an official ballot or election, the choice Americans were forced to make was on which presidential town hall to watch. While having debates on competing networks might have made things challenging for swing voters, there are not many undecided voters left, according to polls. In a national poll released by "The Hill" yesterday, the survey found that 7% of voters remain undecided. On one network, Joe Biden calmy responded to questions from a socially-distanced audience in Pennsylvania. Meanwhile, President Donald Trump sparred with NBC News host Savannah Guthrie in a competing town hall there.The dueling town halls were held in lieu of a traditional town hall debate. The debate was scrapped after the Commission on Presidential Debates said that tonight’s debate would be held virtually. Trump opted out of a virtual debate, prompting Biden to schedule a forum on ABC News. Yesterday, Trump announced he too would hold a network-televised debate, this time on the NBC family of networks.Trump and Biden plan on debating next week in person for the final time. Biden said he would like to see Trump tested for the coronavirus at the next debate.“Yeah," Biden said when asked if Trump should be tested. "By the way, before I came up here, I took another test, I've been taking it every day, the deep test, you know, the one, they go in both [noses]. Because I wanted to be able to — if I had not passed that test, I didn't want to come here and not expose anybody."White House press secretary Kayleigh McEnany originally stated that Trump was tested multiple times a day. But Trump has acknowledged that he wasn’t tested every day, and said during Thursday’s town hall he was unsure when his last negative test was before announced he was infected with the coronavirus on Oct. 2.“I don't know, I don't even remember,” Trump said. “I test all the time. I can tell you this. After the debate, like, I guess, a day or so, I think it was Thursday evening, maybe even late Thursday evening, I tested positive. That's when I first found out,While Biden answered questions on tax policy, Trump responded to a New York Times story on his personal taxes, and was pressed on details that he reportedly owes 0 million in taxes in the coming years. "I'm treated very badly by the IRS,” Trump said. “They treat me very, very badly. You have people in there from previous administrations. They treat me very badly. But we're under audit. It's very routine in many ways. But we're under audit. They like to change the game, change the rules, do everything,"Biden was pushed on whether he would raise taxes amid a pandemic and higher unemployment.“When I said the Trump tax cuts, about .3 trillion of the trillion in his tax cuts went to the top one tenth of 1%,” Biden said. “That’s what I’m talking about eliminating. Not all the tax cuts that are out there.” 3033

What makes a successful relationship? As some couples have found out during the pandemic, and researchers have scientifically discovered, it may boil down to how you engage with each other and how committed each partner is.A study published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences looked at responses from more than 11,000 romantic couples, tracked over about a year.“People’s own judgments about the relationship itself—such as how satisfied and committed they perceived their partners to be, and how appreciative they felt toward their partners—explained approximately 45% of their current satisfaction,” the study’s authors note. “The partner’s judgments did not add information, nor did either person’s personalities or traits.”Top relationship-specific predictors of relationship quality:Perceived partner commitmentAppreciationSexual satisfactionPerceived partner satisfactionConflictA person's own perception of their relationship accounted for about 45 percent of their current satisfaction with their relationship at the onset of a study, and about 18 percent by the end of the study.The study’s authors note the results are based on self-reporting and more study is needed over a longer period of time to see if these characteristics hold true over the long run.If you haven’t lately, it might be a good time to let your partner know that you appreciate them. 1402