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WASHINGTON, June 14 (Xinhua) -- Short sleep duration may contribute to the development or worsening of hyperactivity and inattention during early childhood, suggests a research abstract that was presented Tuesday at SLEEP 2011, the 25th Anniversary Meeting of the Associated Professional Sleep Societies LLC.Results show that less sleep in preschool-age children significantly predicted worse parent-reported hyperactivity and inattention at kindergarten. The sample consisted of approximately 6,860 children, and analyses controlled for gender, ethnicity and family income."Children who were reported to sleep less in preschool were rated by their parents as more hyperactive and less attentive compared to their peers at kindergarten," said lead author Erika Gaylor, senior researcher for SRI International, an independent, nonprofit research institute in Menlo Park, California. "These findings suggest that some children who are not getting adequate sleep may be at risk for developing behavioral problems manifested by hyperactivity, impulsivity, and problems sitting still and paying attention." According to the authors, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is not generally diagnosed until the school-age years. However, the onset of developmentally inappropriate inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity is often much younger. Sleep problems, particularly difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep, are frequently reported in children and adolescents with ADHD. However, the direction of causation, if any, has been difficult to determine. Longitudinal studies may provide a window into the direction of this complex relationship.Last year at SLEEP 2010, Gaylor reported that having a regular bedtime was the most consistent predictor of positive developmental outcomes at four years of age. Having an earlier bedtime also was predictive of higher scores for most developmental measures.

BEIJING, Aug. 12 (Xinhuanet) -- The risk of developing coronary heart disease is 25 percent higher for women smokers compared with men, according to a study published in the British medical journal "The Lancet".The authors say this could be due to the physiological differences between the sexes with cigarette smoke toxins having a more potent effect on women.The study by Dr Rachel R Huxley from the University of Minnesota and Dr Mark Woodward from Johns Hopkins University involved a meta-analysis of around four million individuals and 67,000 coronary heart disease events from 86 studies.The researchers found that the pooled adjusted female-to-male relative risk ratio (RRR) of smoking compared with not smoking for coronary heart disease (CHD) was 1.25 (25 percent) higher for women.This RRR increased by 2 percent for every additional year of follow-up, meaning that the longer a woman smokes, the higher her risk of developing CHD becomes compared with a man who has smoked the same length of time.The authors say, "The finding lends support to the idea of a pathophysiological basis for the sex difference. For example, women might extract a greater quantity of carcinogens and other toxic agents from the same number of cigarettes than men. This occurrence could explain why women who smoke have double the risk of lung cancer compared with their male counterparts."Worldwide, there are 1.1 billion smokers, of whom a fifth are women.According to the Tobacco Atlas, India, with around a crore female smokers, ranks third in the top 20 female smoking populations across the globe, only the U.S. with 2.3 crore female smokers and China with 1.3 crore female smokers, are worse off.

LOS ANGELES, Sept. 10 (Xinhua) -- Scientists at the University of California Los Angeles campus have announced that they have successfully used new prediction algorithms to forecast climate up to 16 months in advance.Professor Michael Ghil said in a UCLA news release Friday his team used new prediction algorithms based on matching ocean temperature records with new theories on how long-term climate trends are influenced by short-term weather extremes.That's twice as far into the future as previously accomplished.Ghil, a distinguished professor of climate dynamics in the UCLA Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and senior author of the research, said the new prediction formulas will give climate experts and governments clues about long-term swings in the El Nino/La Nina oscillation in the Pacific Ocean, which drastically affects weather in the Americas, Asia and Australia.The new forecasting tool uses sea temperatures and has been tested on decades of historical data. The forecasts were then cross-checked against actual climate trends.The UCLA team also said that their 16-month forecasts were more accurate than previous forecasts that went only 8 months forward.Ghil emphasized that the forecasting tools are for climate, which is long-range, global patterns, but not for meteorology, which is short-term weather forecasting."Certain climate features might be predictable, although not in such detail as the temperature and whether it will rain in Los Angeles on such a day two years from now," said Ghil, who is also a member of UCLA's Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics. "These are averages over larger areas and longer time spans."The study is currently available online in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) and will be published in an upcoming print edition of the journal.

BEIJING, Aug. 22 (Xinhuanet) -- Researchers have discovered how a human egg captures an incoming sperm for fertilization, paving the way to help couples suffering from infertility, according to media reports on Monday.An international team of researchers found that a sugar chain known as the sialyl-lewis-x sequence (SLeX) makes the outer coat of the egg “sticky,” which has proven to be helpful in binding the egg and the sperm.As a result, this observation has filled in a huge gap in the understanding of fertility and provides hope for ultimately helping couples who currently cannot conceive.Scientists and doctors know that a sperm identifies an egg when proteins on the head of the sperm match and bind to a series of specific sugars in the egg’s outer coating. With a successful match of proteins, the outside surfaces of the sperm and egg then bind together before merging, which is then followed by delivery of sperm’s DNA into egg.To identify this molecules, the researchers used ultra-sensitive mass-spectrometric imaging technology to observe and identify which molecules are most likely to be key in the binding process.They experimented with a range of synthesised sugars in the laboratory and found that it is SLeX that specifically binds sperm to an egg.According to the World Health Organisation, infertility affects about 15 percent of reproductive-aged couples around the world and almost one in every seven couples in Britain has problems conceiving a child for various reasons.

BEIJING, July 6 (Xinhua) -- The Ministry of Health has issued a national standard on compound food additives to better regulate the production and use of such additives and ensure food safety.Compound food additives, which are designed to improve food quality or assist in food processing, should be used sparingly in food products, according to the standard the ministry issued Tuesday.Titled the General Rule on Compound Food Additives, the standard stipulates that each of the ingredients used for making compound food additives, which are a mix of two or more single food additives, should meet national standards concerning food safety.No chemical reaction should occur and no new compounds should be generated during the production process of compound food additives, according to the standard.Compound food additives producers should clarify limits of the amounts of harmful substances, such as lead and arsenic, in their products and take measures to control the levels of harmful substances, according to the standard, which will come into effect on Sept. 5 this year.

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